Maya (Mayab)
2000 BCE - 1500 CE
The Maya civilization, thriving from around 2000 BCE to the 16th century CE in Mesoamerica, is renowned for its sophisticated achievements in astronomy, mathematics, and monumental architecture. The Maya established city-states with impressive urban planning, hieroglyphic writing, and a complex calendar system. Known for their pyramids, intricate artwork, and observatories, they also developed a rich cultural heritage seen in their religious ceremonies, ball games, and an extensive body of mythology and literature.
Culture
Major language groups and dialects
The Maya script, one of the few fully developed writing systems in pre-Columbian America, was used for recording their language, which is still spoken by Maya descendants today. Including K’iche’, Kaqchikel, Yucatec, and Q’eqchi’.
Culture and cultural heritage
Known for their achievements in astronomy, mathematics (including the concept of zero), hieroglyphic writing, and elaborate calendar systems.
Shared customary codes and values
Reverence for celestial bodies, an advanced understanding of astronomy and mathematics, and a complex religious system were integral to Maya culture.
Common Etiquette rules
Respect for elders, leaders, and adherence to religious customs were important. Hospitality towards guests and visitors was highly regarded.
Common Dress code
Elaborate clothing made of cotton and other fibers, often with intricate designs and patterns, denoted social status and roles.
Art & Architecture
Renowned for pyramids, temples, palaces, intricate pottery, and detailed sculptures depicting gods, rulers, and daily life scenes.
Foods & Cuisine
Maize (corn), beans, squash, chili peppers, and cacao were dietary staples. They also cultivated and consumed a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.
Common Customs, traditions and rituals
Engaged in elaborate religious rituals, ball games, and ceremonies honoring gods and ancestors.
Coming of Age Rites
Specific rituals marked the transition to adulthood, often involving tests and ceremonies within the community.
Funerary and Memorial customs
Varied across regions but often involved burial in family or community tombs and offerings to the deceased.
Common Taboos
Violating religious customs or disrespecting the gods would have been considered taboo.
Common Myths and Legends
The Maya had a rich mythology with stories about creation, gods like Kukulkan and Chaac, and epic narratives that were central to their beliefs.
Historical figures
Kings and rulers from various city-states, such as Pakal the Great of Palenque, remain prominent in Maya history.
Ideals
Beauty Ideals
Adornments like jewelry, body paint, and elaborate clothing indicated beauty and status. Hieroglyphic inscriptions and art depict various body modifications, jewelry, and clothing.
Gender Ideals
Women often managed households and engaged in textile production, while men participated in governance, warfare, and religious activities. However, women could hold influential roles in society.
Courtship Ideals
Marriages were likely arranged, symbolizing alliances and social ties. Ceremonies and rituals marked these unions, and dowries were common.
Relationship Ideals
Family and community were central, and marriages solidified familial bonds and social status.
