Draconic
Natively known as: draconik /ˈdraconic/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...plu led arts cundged florlk thraned plu cundged ounsed poi jurds nay grous
Pronunciation: /pluː lɛd ɑɹts kuːnʤd flɔːlk θɹɑnd pluː kuːnʤd ʊə̯nst pɔɪ̯ ʤʌɹdz neɪ̯ gɹʊə̯z/
Draconic word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Stop | p b | t d | k g | |||||
Affricate | ʧ ʤ | |||||||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ | h | |||
Approximant | ɹ | j | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | ʍ w |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | iː | uː | |
Near-high | ɪ | ʊ | |
Low-mid | ɛ | ɜː | ʌ ɔː |
Near-low | æ | ||
Low | ɑ ɑː |
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ? Spelling rules:
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
kw | qu |
kt | cked / _# |
k | c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s} |
oʊ̯C₁ | oC₁e / _# |
uːC₁ | uC₁e / _# |
eɪ̯C₁ | aC₁e / _# |
eɪ̯ | ay / _# |
eɪ̯ | a |
ð | th |
θ | th |
ʍ | wh |
ŋg | ng |
ŋ{k,c} | nk |
ŋ | ng |
ʧ | ch |
ʃ | sh |
ɹ | r |
z | s / _# |
ju | u / C_ |
cc | ck |
c | k / _# |
{t,d} | ed / C_# |
aʊ̯ | ow / _# |
aʊ̯ | ou |
ʊə̯ | ou |
ɔɪ̯ | oi |
ɪə̯ | ear |
aɪ̯ | i |
ɪ | y / _# |
ɪ | i |
ji | yi |
j | y |
iː | y / _# |
yy | yi / _# |
y | i / #_# |
ʌ | u |
iː | ee |
oʊ̯ | o |
ʊ | oo |
ɛ | e |
ɑ(ː) | a |
t | tt / æ_# |
l | ll / æ_# |
s | ss / æ_# |
z | zz / æ_# |
æ | a |
ʤ | j / #_ |
ʤ | ge / _# |
ʤ | dg |
ɜː | ur |
ɔː | or |
uː | u |
quur | quir |
eə̯ | ere |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?
Nouns
Nouns have seven cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
- Locative is the location of something: man is in town.
- Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
- Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.
Nominative | No affix fan /fɑːn/ dog (doing the verb) |
Accusative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nsfaʊ̯ Else: Suffix -ɑnsfaʊ̯ fanansfow /ˈfɑːnɑnsfaʊ̯/ (verb done to) dog |
Genitive | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ns Else: Suffix -ɪns fanins /ˈfɑːnɪns/ dogʼs |
Dative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -zmeɪ̯ Else: Suffix -iːzmeɪ̯ faneezmay /ˈfɑːniːzmeɪ̯/ to (the/a) dog |
Locative | Suffix -ɔː fanor /ˈfɑːnɔː/ near/at/by (the/a) dog |
Ablative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -tɹoʊ̯ Else: Suffix -ɪə̯tɹoʊ̯ faneartro /ˈfɑːnɪə̯tɹoʊ̯/ from (the/a) dog |
Instrumental | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nθ Else: Suffix -ɪnθ faninth /ˈfɑːnɪnθ/ with/using (the/a) dog |
Masculine | Feminine | |
---|---|---|
Singular | No affix du /duː/ man | No affix moi /mɔɪ̯/ woman |
Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nvur /nvɜː/ Else: Suffix -anvur /ɑːnvɜː/ dunvur /ˈduːnvɜː/ men | Suffix -oths /oʊ̯ðz/ moioths /ˈmɔɪ̯oʊ̯ðz/ women |
Articles
Definite | frorn /fɹɔːn/ the |
Indefinite | shri /ʃɹaɪ̯/ a/some |
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Locative | Ablative | Instrumental | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st singular | graped /gɹeɪ̯pt/ I | quere /kwɛə̯/ me | gou /gʊə̯/ mine | foidged /fɔɪ̯ʤd/ to me | i /iː/ at me | vy /viː/ from me | ry /ɹiː/ with/using me |
2nd singular | gry /gɹiː/ you | louved /lʊə̯vd/ you | roulf /ɹʊə̯lf/ yours | smu /smuː/ to you | crou /kɹʊə̯/ at you | slude /sluːd/ from you | fat /fɑːt/ with/using you |
3rd singular masc | led /lɛd/ he, it | tho /ðoʊ̯/ him, it | cundged /kuːnʤd/ his, its | quang /kwɑŋ/ to him, at it | la /lɑ/ at him, at it | plip /plɪp/ from him, from it | vi /vaɪ̯/ with/using him/it |
3rd singular fem | splay /spleɪ̯/ she, it | tid /taɪ̯d/ her, it | crands /kɹeɪ̯ndz/ hers, its | u /uː/ to her, at it | rooth /ɹʊθ/ at her, at it | borm /boʊ̯ɹm/ from her, from it | stoud /staʊ̯d/ with/using her/it |
1st plural | plish /plɪʃ/ we | bear /bɪə̯/ us | snicked /snaɪ̯kt/ ours | chel /ʧɛl/ to us | bromp /bɹoʊ̯mp/ at us | ky /kiː/ from us | fen /fɛn/ with/using us |
2nd plural | near /nɪə̯/ you all | twu /twuː/ you all | waned /wɑnd/ yours (pl) | grane /gɹeɪ̯n/ to you all | thoths /ðoʊ̯θs/ at you all | fly /fliː/ from you all | scray /skɹeɪ̯/ with/using you all |
3rd plural masc | il /aɪ̯l/ they (masc) | kate /keɪ̯t/ them (masc) | eeled /iːld/ theirs (masc) | ga /gɑ/ to them (masc) | lik /laɪ̯k/ at them (masc) | glouns /glaʊ̯ns/ from them (masc) | thu /θuː/ with/using them (masc) |
3rd plural fem | gluks /glʌks/ they (fem) | bi /baɪ̯/ them (fem) | woi /wɔɪ̯/ theirs (fem) | cums /kʌmz/ to them (fem) | or /ɔː/ at them (fem) | whi /ʍaɪ̯/ from them (fem) | roimed /ɹɔɪ̯md/ with/using them (fem) |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | gou /gʊə̯/ my |
2nd singular | roulf /ɹʊə̯lf/ your |
3rd singular masc | cundged /kuːnʤd/ his |
3rd singular fem | crands /kɹeɪ̯ndz/ her |
1st plural | snicked /snaɪ̯kt/ our |
2nd plural | waned /wɑnd/ your (pl) |
3rd plural masc | eeled /iːld/ their (masc) |
3rd plural fem | woi /wɔɪ̯/ their (fem) |
Verbs
Present | No affix thri /θɹaɪ̯/ learn |
Past | If ends with vowel: Suffix -dror /dɹɔː/ Else: Suffix -urdror /ɜːdɹɔː/ thridror /ˈθɹaɪ̯dɹɔː/ learned |
Future | Particle before the verb: ɹɑːŋks - ranks thri /ɹɑːŋks θɹaɪ̯/ will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).Draconic uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:
Imperfective | Particle before the verb: splɔː - splor thri /splɔː θɹaɪ̯/ learns/is learning |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.Draconic uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
Perfect | If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɪə̯k thrik /θɹaɪ̯k/ have learned |
Numbers
Draconic has a base-10 number system: 1 - bere2 - toms
3 - afed
4 - heen
5 - pluks
6 - mudquy
7 - rech
8 - spes
9 - ebdor
10 - wu
100 - whoozed
1000 - snoi
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -eɪ̯dAdjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -zɜː
Else: Suffix -ɪzɜː
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ldz
Else: Suffix -ɜːldz
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -aʊ̯
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɔː
Noun to verb = Suffix -ɑɹs
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -oʊ̯
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -ɜːv
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɜː
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃoʊ̯
Else: Suffix -ʌʃoʊ̯
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -oʊ̯ɹm
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɛə̯
Diminutive = Suffix -ʌld
Augmentative = Suffix -iː