Dwarvish

Natively known as: dwarvish /ˈdwarvish/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
o' ki bnag stimrimnim ki hiyfi o' re ki hun tzohe sho lefa
Pronunciation: /oʔ ki bnag stimˈʁimnim ki ˈhijfi oʔ ʁe ki hun ˈʦohe ʃo ˈlefa/
Dwarvish word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t v x z ʁ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʦ χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g			ʔ
Affricate			ʦ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ		x	χ ʁ	ʕ	h
Approximant					j
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
χ	kh
ʦ	tz
ʁ	r
ʃ	sh
ʔ	'

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix tos /tos/ boy	No affix lu /lu/ girl
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix ik- Else: Prefix iki- ikitos /iˈkitos/ boys	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix to- tolu /ˈtolu/ girls

Articles

Dwarvish has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	ik /ik/ I	u /u/ me
2nd singular	lu /lu/ you	kve /kve/ you
3rd singular masc	ki /ki/ he, it (masc)	bu /bu/ his, it (masc)
3rd singular fem	li /li/ she, it (fem)	stun /stun/ her, it (fem)
1st plural	sti /sti/ we	ye /je/ us
2nd plural	kva /kva/ you all	ya /ja/ you all
3rd plural masc	a /a/ they (masc)	im /im/ them (masc)
3rd plural fem	kmi /kmi/ they (fem)	tur /tuʁ/ them (fem)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	ik /ik/ my
2nd singular	lu /lu/ your
3rd singular masc	ki /ki/ his
3rd singular fem	li /li/ her
1st plural	sti /sti/ our
2nd plural	kva /kva/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	a /a/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	kmi /kmi/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st person	If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix je- yestom /ˈjestom/ (I/we) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix eχt- Else: Prefix eχtu- ekhtustom /eχˈtustom/ (I/we) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix me- mestom /ˈmestom/ (I/we) learned (long ago)
2nd person	Prefix ʔe- 'estom /ˈʔestom/ (you/you all) learn	Prefix u- ustom /ˈustom/ (you/you all) learned	Prefix o- ostom /ˈostom/ (you/you all) learned (long ago)
3rd person	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ke- kestom /ˈkestom/ (he/she/it/they) learn(s)	Prefix a- astom /ˈastom/ (he/she/it/they) learned	Prefix bi- bistom /ˈbistom/ (he/she/it/they) learned (long ago)

Dwarvish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: luʃ - lush stom /luʃ stom/ will learn

Numbers

Dwarvish has a base-10 number system:
1 - kmu
2 - mak
3 - mi
4 - ke
5 - en
6 - u
7 - 'om
8 - e
9 - po
10 - gashba
100 - tman
1000 - kukhtish

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ijf-
Else: Prefix ijfe-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix e-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ
Else: Suffix -aʦ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -um
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -ut
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ge
Else: Suffix -ige
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Tending to = Prefix to-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix u-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j
Else: Suffix -oj
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -um
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -eʁ
Diminutive = Suffix -a
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ
Else: Suffix -oχ

Dictionary

3045 Words.