Orcish
Natively known as: ozaʻmak /ozaʔˈmak/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...oma tak kagʻdit geth tak kagʻmin oma gog tak gorʻki zog krel kid
Pronunciation: /oˈma tak ˈkagʔdit geð tak kagʔˈmin oˈma gog tak ˈgorʔki zog krel kid/
Ozaʻmak word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: d g k l m n p r s t z ð↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||
Stop | p | t d | k g | |
Fricative | ð | s z | ||
Trill | r | |||
Lateral approximant | l |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i | u |
High-mid | e | o |
Low | a |
Stress pattern: No fixed stress Spelling rules:
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
ʔ | ʻ |
ɑ | a |
ɔː | o |
ɛ | e |
ʊ | u |
ð | th |
ɹ | r |
ʃ | sh |
ʤ | j |
V₁ː | V₁V₁ |
̯ |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Articles
Definite | tak /tak/ the |
Indefinite | ga /ga/ a, some |
- Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
- Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
- Used for languages: ‘The English’
- Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | |
---|---|---|
1st singular | u /u/ I | id /id/ me |
2nd singular | i /i/ you | um /um/ you |
3rd singular masc | tak /tak/ he | ke /ke/ him |
3rd singular fem | ad /ad/ she | ma /ma/ her |
3rd singular neut | o /o/ it | ak /ak/ it |
1st plural inclusive | mat /mat/ we (including you) | kam /kam/ us (including you) |
1st plural exclusive | sil /sil/ we (excluding you) | man /man/ us (excluding you) |
2nd plural | ka /ka/ you all | ri /ri/ you all |
3rd plural masc | se /se/ they (masc) | ru /ru/ them (masc) |
3rd plural fem | a /a/ they (fem) | ko /ko/ them (fem) |
3rd plural neut | ar /ar/ they (neut) | ek /ek/ them (neut) |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | ket /ket/ my |
2nd singular | o /o/ your |
3rd singular masc | tak /tak/ his |
3rd singular fem | del /del/ her |
3rd singular neut | u /u/ its |
1st plural inclusive | a /a/ our (including you) |
1st plural exclusive | zo /zo/ our (excluding you) |
2nd plural | si /si/ your (pl) |
3rd plural masc | ak /ak/ their (masc) |
3rd plural fem | ku /ku/ their (fem) |
3rd plural neut | zit /zit/ their (neut) |
Verbs
1st singular | Suffix -iz
kedʻgeniz /kedʔgeˈniz/ |
2nd singular | Prefix ke-
kekedʻgen /keˈkedʔgen/ |
3rd singular masc | Prefix ga-
gakedʻgen /gaˈkedʔgen/ |
3rd singular fem | If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -e kedʻgene /kedʔˈgene/ |
3rd singular neut | Suffix -id
kedʻgenid /kedʔˈgenid/ |
1st plural inclusive | Prefix ki-
kikedʻgen /kiˈkedʔgen/ |
1st plural exclusive | Prefix ri-
rikedʻgen /rikedʔˈgen/ |
2nd plural | Prefix sa-
sakedʻgen /saˈkedʔgen/ |
3rd plural masc | If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -a kedʻgena /kedʔˈgena/ |
3rd plural fem | Prefix ro-
rokedʻgen /rokedʔˈgen/ |
3rd plural neut | Suffix -ad
kedʻgenad /kedʔgeˈnad/ |
Past | Particle before the verb: kudʔðinman -
kudʻthinman kedʻgen /kudʔðinˈman ˈkedʔgen/ learned |
Future | Particle before the verb: zri -
zri kedʻgen /zri kedʔˈgen/ will learn |
Mood
Indicative | Suffix -ar
tokʻkaar /tokʔˈkaar/ |
Conditional | Suffix -ig
tokʻkaig /tokʔˈkaig/ |
Subjunctive | Suffix -em
tokʻkaem /tokʔˈkaem/ |
Imperative | Suffix -um
tokʻkaum /tokʔˈkaum/ |
Numbers
Ozaʻmak has a base-10 number system:1 - tekʻorkel
2 - kothʻeg
3 - zek
4 - oran
5 - gazʻoth
6 - zok
7 - karʻgo
8 - tathʻthitath
9 - lerʻzima
10 - kig
11 - tekʻorkel oma kig “one and ten”
100 - othu “hundred”
101 - othu oma tekʻorkel “hundred and one”
200 - kothʻeg othu
1000 - tezʻgulok “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sElse: Suffix -u
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -a
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ak
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
Else: Suffix -i
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -er
Noun to verb = Suffix -er
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ra-
Tending to = Prefix do-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -u
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix si-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -i
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð
Else: Suffix -i
Diminutive = Suffix -ar
Augmentative = Suffix -or