Torran (/'torran/)

Natively known as: torran /ˈtorran/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
peid kear thrang quorksor kear spro peid thei kear slur pror vorl rach
Pronunciation: /peɪ̯d kɪə̯ θɹɑŋ ˈkwɔːksɔː kɪə̯ spɹoʊ̯ peɪ̯d ðeɪ̯ kɪə̯ slɜː pɹɔː vɔːl ɹɑːʧ/
Torran word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ iː oʊ̯ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ̯ ɔː ɛ ɛə̯ ɜː ɪ ɪə̯ ʊ ʊə̯ ʌ
Diphthongs: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ oʊ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɛə̯ ɪə̯ ʊə̯

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b bl bɹ d dɹ f fl fɹ g gl gɹ h j k kl kw kɹ l m n p pl pɹ s sk skw skɹ sl sm sn sp spl spɹ st stɹ sw t th tw tɹ v w ð ɹ ʃ ʃɹ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ θɹ
Mid-word consonants: b bd bj bl bm bn bs bskj bskɹ bst bstɹ bt bv bz bɹ bɾ bʤ d df dg dgɹ dj dkw dl dm dn ds dv dw dɹ dʃ f fj fl fspɹ ft ftl ftw fɹ g gj gl gm gn gz gɹ gʤ h j k kd kf kgɹ kj kl km kn ks ksf ksk kskj kskl kskw ksm ksp kspl kspɹ kst kstɹ ksw ksʧ kt ktf ktl ktɹ kw kz kɹ kʃ kʧ l lb ld ldf ldh ldl ldn ldɹ lf lg lgɹ lj lk lkj ll lm ln lp lpf lpl lptj ls lsh lsʍ lt ltj ltɹ lv lw lð lɹ lʤ lʧ lθ m mb mbl mbɹ mf mfl mft mfɹ mh mj ml mn mp mpj mpl mpt mptl mpɹ mpʃ mpʧ ms mst mt mw mz mɹ mʧ mθ n nb nbɹ nd ndj ndl ndm ndɹ nf nfj nfl nfɹ ng ngɹ nh nj nk nkl nkw nkɹ nl nm nn npl ns nsf nsj nskɹ nsl nsm nsp nst nstɹ nt ntl ntm ntɹ nv nw nz nzl nzp nɹ nʃ nʤ nʤm nʧ nθj p pj pl pm pt pw pɹ pʃ pʧ s sd sf sg sgɹ sj sk skj skl skɹ sl sm sn sp spj spl st stj stl stm stw stɹ sw sʧ t tb tf tj tl tm tn ts tsm tw tɹ v vj vl vm vn vɹ w z zb zd zj zl zm ð ðdɹ ðst ŋ ŋg ŋgj ŋgl ŋgw ŋgɹ ŋk ŋkt ŋkw ŋkʃ ŋkʧ ŋl ɹ ɹb ɹd ɹf ɹg ɹk ɹl ɹm ɹml ɹn ɹpl ɹs ɹsm ɹt ɹtl ɹv ɹʃ ɹʤ ɹʧ ɹθw ɾ ʃ ʃm ʃn ʤ ʤm ʤt ʧ ʧl ʧm θ θf θl θɹ
Word final consonants: b bd bl bz d dst dz f fs ft g gd gz k ks kst kt kts l ld ldz lf lk lm ls lt lts lv lvd lvz lz lθ m md mp mps mpt mz n nd ndz ns nst nt nts nz nʤ nʤd nʧ nθ p ps pt r rm s sk sp spt st sts t ts v vd vz z zd ð ðz ŋ ŋd ŋk ŋks ŋkt ŋz ɹ ɹd ɹdz ɹk ɹks ɹkt ɹm ɹmd ɹmz ɹn ɹnd ɹs ɹst ɹt ɹts ɹz ɹʃ ɹʧt ɹθ ʃ ʃt ʤ ʤd ʧ ʧt θ θs
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
kt	cked / _#
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊC₁	oC₁e
uːC₁	uC₁e / _#
eɪC₁	aC₁e / _#
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋg	ng
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
z	s / _#
ju	u / C_
cc	ck
c	k / _#
{t,d}	ed / C_#
aʊ	ow / _#
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
ɪə	ear
ɪ	y / _#
ɪ	i
ji	yi
j	y
iː	y / _#
yy	yi / _#
y	i / #_#
ʌ	u
iː	ee
oʊ	o
ʊ	oo
ɛ	e
ɑ(ː)	a
t	tt / æ_#
l	ll / æ_#
s	ss / æ_#
z	zz / æ_#
æ	a
ʤ	j / #_
ʤ	ge / _#
ʤ	dg
ɜː	ur
ɔː	or
uː	u
quur	quir
eə	ere
̯

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Singular	No affix stege /stɛʤ/ dog
Plural	Suffix -uːl stedgule /ˈstɛʤuːl/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	arm /ærm/ the	lei /leɪ̯/ a
Plural	lun /lʌn/ the	snabl /snæbl/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’

Pronouns

1st singular	merel /mɛə̯l/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	thu /ðuː/ you, yours
3rd singular	kear /kɪə̯/ he, she, him, her, his, hers, it, its
1st plural	vorrcked /vɔːɹkt/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	splo /sploʊ̯/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	tuls /tuːlz/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	merel /mɛə̯l/ my
2nd singular	thu /ðuː/ your
3rd singular	kear /kɪə̯/ his, her, its
1st plural	vorrcked /vɔːɹkt/ our
2nd plural	splo /sploʊ̯/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tuls /tuːlz/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past
Singular	No affix sprir /spɹɪr/ (I/you/he/she/it) learn	Suffix -ɛgd sprireged /ˈspɹɪrɛgd/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned
Plural	Suffix -ɔːɹt sprirorred /ˈspɹɪrɔːɹt/ (we/they) learn	Suffix -iːl sprireel /ˈspɹɪriːl/ (we/they) learned

Torran uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ʃɪŋz - shings sprir /ʃɪŋz spɹɪr/ will learn

Numbers

Torran has a base-10 number system:
1 - sens
2 - flurv
3 - wai
4 - tra
5 - swems
6 - il
7 - bei
8 - ei
9 - chuvs
10 - chems
11 - chems peid sens “ten and one”
100 - sens preartaingcked “one hundred”
101 - sens preartaingcked sens “one hundred one”
200 - flurv preartaingcked
1000 - sens thach “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹmd
Else: Suffix -ɪɹmd
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -aʊ̯
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɔɪ̯
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ɪɹʃ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ʊθ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹk
Else: Suffix -ɔːɹk
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɑːʧ
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z
Else: Suffix -ɪz
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɔɪ̯ɹkt
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹd
Else: Suffix -ʌɹd
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ft
Else: Suffix -eɪ̯ft
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bz
Else: Suffix -ɪbz
Diminutive = Suffix -ɑːp
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹs
Else: Suffix -ʊɹs

Dictionary

326 Words.