Spell Component

The Components of Spell Components

Verbal (V)

This is probably the easiest of the three components. Verbal components mean the words spoken to cast a spell. Being gagged, or being inside an area of silence, such as one created by silence or dark star makes you unable to cast spells that require this component.

Somatic (S)

Somatic components are gestures used while casting the spell. If a spell requires them you need to have a free hand to perform them.

Material (M)

Last, but not least, potentially the most confusing of them all: material components. These components are usually objects required for casting a spell, specified in its description. A character can use a component pouch or spellcasting focus in their stead if and only if there is no cost indicated for the component, and the component isn’t used up. (Keep in mind, not every spell with a costly component is used up!)
You must have a free hand to access material components*—or to hold a spellcasting focus—but this can be the same hand you use for your somatic components. An important thing of note:
A spell that requires both material components and somatic components can be cast with one occupied hand and one hand holding a spellcasting focus or material components, but a spell that requires only somatic components requires you to empty this hand. This is a weirdly specific distinction that can come up quite a lot in practice. An example: a Hexblade Warlock, wielding a shield and staff, could cast a fly without a problem, but would need to drop their staff to cast synaptic static (luckily dropping your staff does not cost action economy, but picking it up again is an object interaction).
*This can mean using a component pouch, or having the objects specified by the spell on hand.

Source Tabletop Builds, Published: December 2, 2021, Author: pandaniel
(Part of full article) https://tabletopbuilds.com/components/

Type

Metaphysical, Arcane