Kasathi
Natively known as: sedru /ˈsɛdɹʌ/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...se ze vulim muhu ra gis se narsim ra sachro ehe tidru ef
Pronunciation: /sɛ zɛ ˈvʌlɪm ˈmʌhʌ ɹɑ gɪs sɛ ˈnɑɹsɪm ɹɑ ˈsɑkɹo ˈɛhɛ ˈtɪdɹʌ ɛf/
Sedruian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: c d f g h j k l m n r s t v w z↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Stop | t d | c | k g | |||
Fricative | f v | s z | h | |||
Approximant | j | |||||
Trill | r | |||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i y | u |
High-mid | e | o |
Low | a |
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ? Sound changes (in order of application):
- a → ɑ
- b → b
- ch → ʧ
- c → k
- d → d
- e → ɛ
- f → f
- g → g
- h → h
- i → ɪ
- j → ʤ
- kk → k
- k → k
- ll → l
- l → l
- m → m
- ng → ŋ
- nn → n
- n → n
- o → o
- p → p
- q → k
- r → ɹ
- sh → ʃ
- s → s
- th → θ
- t → t
- u → ʌ
- v → v
- w → w
- x → ks
- y → i
- z → z
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
y | ü |
c | ch |
j | y |
ɑ | a |
b | b |
ʧ | ch |
d | d |
ɛ | e |
f | f |
g | g |
h | h |
i | i |
ɪ | i |
ʤ | j |
k | k |
l | l |
m | m |
ŋ | ng |
n | n |
o | o |
p | p |
ɹ | r |
ʃ | sh |
s | s |
θ | th |
t | t |
ʌ | u |
v | v |
w | w |
x | ks |
z | z |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?
Nouns
Masculine | Feminine | |
---|---|---|
Singular | No affix
ü /i/ man |
No affix
durme /ˈdʌɹmɛ/ woman |
Plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix he- hü /hi/ men |
If starts with vowel: Prefix v-
Else: Prefix vo- vodurme /voˈdʌɹmɛ/ women |
Articles
Definite | Indefinite | |
---|---|---|
Singular | ga /gɑ/ the | ka /kɑ/ a |
Plural | cha /kɑ/ the | a /ɑ/ some |
- Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
- Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
- Used for languages: ‘The English’
- Used with place names: ‘The London’
Pronouns
1st singular | des /dɛs/ I, me, mine |
2nd singular | e /ɛ/ you, yours |
3rd singular masc | ze /zɛ/ he, him, his, it, its |
3rd singular fem | se /sɛ/ she, her, hers, it, its |
1st plural | ül /il/ we, us, ours |
2nd plural | da /dɑ/ you all, yours (pl) |
3rd plural masc | müm /mim/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc) |
3rd plural fem | tü /ti/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem) |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | zam /zɑm/ my |
2nd singular | ge /gɛ/ your |
3rd singular masc | ra /ɹɑ/ his |
3rd singular fem | vam /vɑm/ her |
1st plural | sün /sin/ our |
2nd plural | uf /ʌf/ your (pl) |
3rd plural masc | i /ɪ/ their (masc) |
3rd plural fem | ü /i/ their (fem) |
Verbs
Present | Past | |
---|---|---|
1st person | Prefix my-
müvehe /miˈvɛhɛ/ (I/we) learn |
Prefix i-
ivehe /ɪˈvɛhɛ/ (I/we) learned |
2nd person | If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix su- suvehe /sʌˈvɛhɛ/ (you/you all) learn |
Prefix ro-
rovehe /ɹoˈvɛhɛ/ (you/you all) learned |
3rd person | If starts with vowel: Prefix c-
Else: Prefix ca- chavehe /kɑˈvɛhɛ/ (he/she/it/they) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mi- mivehe /mɪˈvɛhɛ/ (he/she/it/they) learned |
Future | Particle before the verb: de -
de vehe /dɛ ˈvɛhɛ/ will learn |
Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.Sedruian uses an affix for progressive:
Progressive | Prefix a-
avehe /ɑˈvɛhɛ/ is learning |
Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).Sedruian uses an affix for habitual:
Habitual | If starts with vowel: Prefix acr-
Else: Prefix acru- achruvehe /ˌɑkɹʌˈvɛhɛ/ learns |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.Sedruian uses the word for ‘already’ yel for the perfect aspect.
Numbers
Sedruian has a base-10 number system: 1 - uf2 - des
3 - yo
4 - sa
5 - ku
6 - ri
7 - vam
8 - deti
9 - zom
10 - ki
100 - kela
1000 - vosu
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -fElse: Suffix -of
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -e
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix my-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -so
Else: Suffix -aso
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ka-
Noun to verb = Prefix ne-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ke-
Tending to = Suffix -a
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -two
Else: Suffix -utwo
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -ar
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -da
Else: Suffix -ada
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -yr
Diminutive = Suffix -af
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -cra
Else: Suffix -ucra