Natively known as: asun /aˈsun/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
e zakyu rin gompa ra soben e bambi ra kopo pampo nu use[alt]
Pronunciation: /e zaˈkju ɾin gomˈpa ɾa soˈben e bamˈbi ɾa koˈpo pamˈpo nu uˈse/
Yuhyuian word order: and stood he holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind[/alt]
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d g h j k m n p s t w z ŋ ɾ
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Nasal |
m |
n |
|
ŋ |
|
| Stop |
p b |
t d |
|
k g |
|
| Fricative |
|
s z |
|
|
h |
| Approximant |
|
|
j |
|
|
| Tap |
|
ɾ |
|
|
|
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Labial-velar |
| Approximant |
w |
Vowel inventory: a e i o u
|
Front |
Back |
| High |
i |
u |
| High-mid |
e |
o |
| Low |
a |
|
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b d g h j k m n p s t w z ɾ
Mid-word consonants: b bj d g gj h hj j k kj m mb mj mp n nj ns nt nw nɾ p pj s t w z ŋg ɾ ɾj
Word final consonants: n
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation |
Spelling |
| ŋ |
n |
| m |
m |
| j |
y |
| ɾ |
r |
Grammar
Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into
Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
Nouns have three cases:
- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
| Nominative |
No affix
zaraku /zaɾaˈku/
dog (doing the verb) |
| Accusative |
Prefix sa-
sazaraku /saˌzaɾaˈku/
(verb done to) dog |
| Genitive |
Prefix de-
dezaraku /deˌzaɾaˈku/
dogʼs |
| Singular |
No affix
zaraku /zaɾaˈku/
dog |
| Plural |
Prefix ka-
kazaraku /kaˌzaɾaˈku/
dogs |
Articles
|
Definite |
Indefinite |
| Singular |
po /po/
the |
bun /bun/
a |
| Plural |
ha /ha/
the |
i /i/
some |
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
- Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
- Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
- Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
Pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
Genitive |
| 1st singular |
han /han/
I |
o /o/
me |
da /da/
mine |
| 2nd singular |
a /a/
you |
ne /ne/
you |
hi /hi/
yours |
| 3rd singular masc |
rin /ɾin/
he, it |
to /to/
him, it |
ra /ɾa/
his, its |
| 3rd singular fem |
ze /ze/
she, it |
de /de/
her, it |
ni /ni/
hers, its |
| 1st plural |
nun /nun/
we |
su /su/
us |
ka /ka/
ours |
| 2nd plural |
se /se/
you all |
ru /ɾu/
you all |
u /u/
yours (pl) |
| 3rd plural |
ha /ha/
they |
mu /mu/
them |
gi /gi/
theirs |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
da /da/
my |
| 2nd singular |
hi /hi/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
ra /ɾa/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
ni /ni/
her |
| 1st plural |
ka /ka/
our |
| 2nd plural |
u /u/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural |
gi /gi/
their |
Verbs
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
| 1st singular |
If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix ba-
bagoken /bagoˈken/
(I) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix bu-
bugoken /bugoˈken/
(I) learned |
If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix no-
nogoken /nogoˈken/
(I) will learn |
| 2nd singular |
Prefix a-
agoken /agoˈken/
(you) learn |
Prefix ki-
kigoken /kigoˈken/
(you) learned |
If starts with vowel: Prefix z-
Else: Prefix ze-
zegoken /zegoˈken/
(you) will learn |
| 3rd singular |
If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ki-
kigoken /kigoˈken/
(he/she/it) learns |
Prefix i-
igoken /igoˈken/
(he/she/it) learned |
Prefix ja-
yagoken /jagoˈken/
(he/she/it) will learn |
| 1st plural |
If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix te-
tegoken /tegoˈken/
(we) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix ho-
hogoken /hogoˈken/
(we) learned |
If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix mu-
mugoken /mugoˈken/
(we) will learn |
| 2nd plural |
Prefix gu-
gugoken /gugoˈken/
(you all) learn |
Prefix bu-
bugoken /bugoˈken/
(you all) learned |
If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix ja-
yagoken /jagoˈken/
(you all) will learn |
| 3rd plural |
If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ku-
kugoken /kugoˈken/
(they) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ɾ-
Else: Prefix ɾa-
ragoken /ɾagoˈken/
(they) learned |
Prefix na-
nagoken /nagoˈken/
(they) will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as
I am learning and habitual actions, such as
I learn (something new every day).
Yuhyuian uses an affix for imperfective:
| Imperfective |
Prefix pi-
pigoken /pigoˈken/
learns/is learning |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Yuhyuian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
| Perfect |
If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ki-
kigoken /kigoˈken/
have learned |
Numbers
Yuhyuian has a base-10 number system:
1 -
u
2 -
ta
3 -
sa
4 -
me
5 -
ru
6 -
kugyun
7 -
gezu
8 -
yu
9 -
ken
10 -
re
11 -
reu “ten-one”
100 -
u numin “one hundred”
101 -
u numin u “one hundred one”
200 -
ta numin
1000 -
u gango “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -on
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -an
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -on
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i
Noun to verb = Suffix -en
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix o-
Tending to = Prefix o-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix a-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix ga-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix z-
Else: Prefix zo-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix nu-
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Augmentative = Suffix -i
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