Draconic
Natively known as: Dvos /dvʲosʲ/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...fpikt kim kidi sprantsu kim vdokti fpikt gduf kim klist drolutna vzal dvikh
Pronunciation: /fʲpʲikt kim ˈkidi ˈspranʦu kim ˈvdokti fʲpʲikt ɡdʲufʲ kim klʲist drʲoˈlʲutʲnʲa vzʲalʲ dvix/
Dvosian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b bʲ d dʲ d͡ʐ f fʲ j k l lʲ m mʲ n nʲ p pʲ r rʲ s sʲ t tʲ t͡ʂ v vʲ x z zʲ ɕː ɡ ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː ʦ ʨ/| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m mʲ | n nʲ | |||||
| Stop | p pʲ b bʲ | t tʲ d dʲ | k ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | ʦ | ʨ | |||||
| Fricative | f fʲ v vʲ | s sʲ z zʲ | ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː | ɕː | x | ||
| Approximant | j | ||||||
| Trill | r rʲ | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | lʲ l |
Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| High-mid | e | o |
| Low | a |
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, blʲ, br, brʲ, bʲ, d, dlʲ, dn, dr, drʲ, dv, dvʲ, dʲ, f, fk, fklʲ, fp, fpr, fr, fsk, fsp, fst, fstrʲ, fsʲ, fsʲlʲ, ft, fx, fʲ, fʲpʲ, j, k, kl, klʲ, knʲ, kr, krʲ, kst, kt, kv, l, lʲ, m, ml, mn, mnʲ, mɡn, mʲ, n, nr, nʲ, p, pl, plʲ, pr, prʲ, ptʲ, pʲ, r, rʲ, s, sj, sk, skr, skv, sl, sm, smʲ, sn, sp, spr, sprʲ, spʲ, sr, srʲ, st, str, strʲ, stv, sv, svʲ, sx, sxv, sʦ, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, t, tk, tr, trʲ, tv, tvʲ, tʲ, v, vd, vdr, vl, vlʲ, vmʲ, vn, vnʲ, vr, vrʲ, vzd, vzr, vzɡlʲ, vzʲ, vʲ, x, xlʲ, xr, xv, z, zd, zdr, zl, zn, zrʲ, zv, zvʲ, zʲ, zʲdʲ, ɕː, ɡ, ɡdʲ, ɡl, ɡlʲ, ɡr, ɡrʲ, ʂ, ʂk, ʂlʲ, ʂt, ʐ, ʐd, ʦ, ʦvʲ, ʨ, ʨlʲ
Mid-word consonants: b, bj, bl, blʲ, bn, br, bʲ, d, dj, dl, dlʲ, dmʲ, dn, dr, dv, dvʲ, dʲ, dʲb, dʲnʲ, d͡ʐʐ, f, fk, fsk, fstrʲ, fsʲ, ft, ftr, fʂ, fʨ, fʲ, j, jk, jm, jn, jsk, jstv, jstvʲ, jtʲ, jɡ, jʂ, k, kl, klʲ, kn, kr, krʲ, kt, ktʲ, kv, kʦ, l, ld, lk, ln, lnʲ, lp, lst, lt, lɡ, lʐ, lʐn, lʨ, lʲ, lʲk, lʲn, lʲnʲ, lʲstv, lʲstvʲ, lʲt, lʲz, lʲzʲ, lʲʂ, lʲʦ, lʲʨ, m, mk, mlʲ, mn, mnʲ, mp, mʲ, mʲj, mʲpʲ, n, nd, nf, nk, nr, nsk, nspʲ, nstv, nstvʲ, ntr, nɡlʲ, nɡr, nʐ, nʦ, nʲ, nʲdʲ, nʲk, nʲsʲtʲ, nʲtʲ, nʲɕː, nʲɡ, nʲʨ, p, pk, pl, plʲ, pn, pr, prʲ, pst, pstvʲ, px, pɕː, pʲ, r, rd, rdʲ, rk, rl, rm, rmʲ, rn, rnʲ, rpʲ, rsk, rstv, rstvʲ, rsʲ, rt, rtk, rtrʲ, rtv, rtʲ, rv, rx, rxn, rxnʲ, rɡ, rʂ, rʐ, rʐd, rʦ, rʨ, rʲ, rʲb, rʲj, rʲm, s, sk, sklʲ, skv, sl, sm, smʲ, sn, sp, spʲ, st, stk, str, strʲ, stv, stvʲ, sx, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲm, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, sʲtʲj, t, tk, tkr, tlʲ, tmʲ, tn, tp, tpr, tprʲ, tpʲ, tr, trʲ, tvʲ, tx, tʲ, tʲj, tʲnʲ, t͡ʂʂ, v, vd, vlʲ, vn, vnʲ, vr, vrʲ, vɡ, vʲ, vʲj, x, xk, xn, xnʲ, xr, xv, z, zb, zd, zm, zmʲ, zn, zr, zrʲ, zv, zvr, zvʲ, zɡ, zɡlʲ, zʲ, zʲb, zʲdʲ, zʲj, zʲlʲ, zʲnʲ, ɕː, ɕːn, ɡ, ɡd, ɡl, ɡlʲ, ɡr, ɡz, ɡʐ, ʂ, ʂk, ʂl, ʂn, ʂnʲ, ʂsk, ʂt, ʂː, ʐ, ʐb, ʐd, ʐdʲ, ʐn, ʐnʲ, ʐː, ʦ, ʦk, ʦs, ʦsʲ, ʦt, ʦtv, ʦtvʲ, ʨ, ʨk, ʨn, ʨnʲ, ʨt, ʨtʲ
Word final consonants: blʲ, brʲ, f, fʲ, j, k, kst, kt, l, lk, lp, lʲ, lʲm, m, mʲ, n, nk, nkt, nt, ntr, nʲ, p, r, rk, rs, rt, rtʲ, rx, rʲ, s, sk, sl, st, str, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, t, tr, tʲ, x, z, zm, zʲnʲ, ɕː, ʂ, ʂtʲ, ʦ, ʨ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- a → æ / _(C)?e
- s → h / #_
- s → h / #_
- t → r / _V
- k → ɡ / n_
- p → b / _r
How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| ʨ | ch |
| ɡ | g |
| x | kh |
| ʐ | zh |
| ʂ | sh |
| ʦ | ts |
| ʲ | |
| ɕː | shch |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | No affix mlulkech /ˈmlulkeʨ/ man | No affix shlu /ʂlʲu/ woman |
| Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʂ Else: Suffix -uʂ mlulkechush /mlulˈkeʨuʂ/ men | If ends with vowel: Suffix -str Else: Suffix -ostr shlustr /ʂlʲustr/ women |
| Definite | plir /plirʲ/ the |
| Indefinite | i /i/ a, some |
Pronouns
| 1st singular | zdru /zdru/ I, me, mine |
| 2nd singular | sko /sko/ you, yours |
| 3rd singular masc | kim /kim/ he, him, his, it, its |
| 3rd singular fem | stso /sʦo/ she, her, hers, it, its |
| 1st plural | zdo /zʲdʲo/ we, us, ours |
| 2nd plural | vma /vmʲa/ you all, yours (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc | fspu /fspu/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | rurt /rʲurt/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | zdru /zdru/ my |
| 2nd singular | sko /sko/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | kim /kim/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | stso /sʦo/ her |
| 1st plural | zdo /zʲdʲo/ our |
| 2nd plural | vma /vmʲa/ your (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc | fspu /fspu/ their (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | rurt /rʲurt/ their (fem) |
Verbs
| Present | No affix lovdich /ˈlʲovdiʨ/ learn |
| Past | Suffix -ozʲnʲ lovdichozn /lʲovˈdiʨozʲnʲ/ learned |
Dvosian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
| Future | Particle before the verb: stu - stu lovdich /stu ˈlʲovdiʨ/ will learn |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Dvosian uses an affix for imperfective:
| Imperfective | Suffix -ek lovdichek /lʲovˈdiʨek/ learns/is learninɡ |
Numbers
Dvosian has a base-10 number system:
1 - tvo
2 - svo
3 - ktur
4 - spe
5 - klirs
6 - fozhdo
7 - lif
8 - kli
9 - fru
10 - de
11 - tvo fpikt de “one and ten”
100 - zdots “hundred”
101 - zdots tvo “hundred one”
200 - svo zdots
1000 - skha “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -okt
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -at
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sʲ Else: Suffix -esʲ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sʲ Else: Suffix -esʲ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʲ Else: Suffix -ulʲ
Noun to verb = Prefix tvʲo-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Tending to = Prefix e-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -okst
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sʲnʲ Else: Suffix -esʲnʲ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -orx
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rtʲ Else: Suffix -artʲ
Diminutive = Prefix fʲpʲi-
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʲm Else: Suffix -elʲm
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