Dwarvish
Natively known as: Örnsdt /øːʁnst/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
klaik pru munnf glabbuchts sie schobb kleik schuhpsch sie tonndt noümä naigng e
Pronunciation: /klaɪk pʁʊ munf glaˈbuːçts ziː ʃop klaɪk ʃuːpʃ ziː tont nɔʏˈmɛ naɪgŋ e/
Örnsdti word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v x z ç ŋ ʁ ʃ ʔ ʦ ʧ χ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
| Affricate | ʦ | ʧ | ||||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ | ç | x | χ ʁ | h | |
| Approximant | j | |||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː y yː | u uː | |
| Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
| High-mid | e eː øː | o oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Low-mid | ɛ ɛː œ | ɔ | |
| Near-low | ɐ | ||
| Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, gʁ, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, pl, pʁ, s, t, tʁ, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃv, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦv
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, lt, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mp, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nd, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nl, nm, nst, nt, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nz, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, nʧ, p, pf, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, st, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tn, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, ç, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋk, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁ, ʁb, ʁd, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, χ
Word final consonants: f, ft, gŋ, k, ks, kt, l, lk, lp, lpst, ls, lt, lʃ, m, mpf, n, nf, nft, ns, nst, nt, nts, nʃ, p, pf, pt, pʃ, s, st, t, tl, ts, tst, x, xt, ç, çt, çts, ŋ, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋst, ʁ, ʁf, ʁk, ʁl, ʁn, ʁnst, ʁt, ʁts, ʁç, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʧ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- j → i / C_
- o → Ø / _u
- N → n / _{d,l}
- j → Ø / #_u
- e → i / #b_
- N → w / S_S
- k → ʂ / _i
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| aɪ | ei | ai |
| aʊ | au |
| aː | a |
| eː | ä | äh | e | eh | ee |
| iː | ie |
| ks | chs |
| oː | o | oh | oo |
| p# | b |
| t# | dt |
| uː | u | uh |
| v | w |
| x | ch |
| yː | ü |
| z | s |
| ç | ch |
| ø | ö |
| øː | ö |
| ŋ | ng |
| ŋk | nk |
| œ | ö |
| ɐ(?!r) | er |
| ɐ | e |
| ɔ | o |
| ɔʏ | eu |
| ə | e |
| ɛ | ä | e |
| ɛː | ä |
| ɪ | i |
| ʁ | r |
| ʃ | sch |
| ʊ | u |
| ʏ | ü |
| ʔ | |
| ʦ# | zt |
| ʦ | z |
| ʦ | z |
| ʦj | ti |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Noun
Definite
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nf
Else: Suffix -ənf onnschinnf /ɔnˈʃinf/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix gl-
Else: Prefix gla- glonnschi /glɔnˈʃi/ |
| Feminine | Prefix sɔ-
soonnschi /sɔɔnˈʃi/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁts
Else: Suffix -uʁts onnschirts /ɔnˈʃiʁts/ |
| Neuter | If starts with vowel: Prefix ɪnd-
Else: Prefix ɪndeː- inndonnschi /ɪndɔnˈʃi/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋk
Else: Suffix -iŋk onnschink /ɔnˈʃiŋk/ |
Indefinite
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Prefix jaː-
jaonnschi /jaːɔnˈʃi/ |
Suffix -ampf
onnschiammpf /ɔnʃiˈampf/ |
| Feminine | Suffix -uːnt
onnschiuhndt /ɔnʃiˈuːnt/ |
Prefix aː-
aonnschi /aːɔnˈʃi/ |
| Neuter | If ends with vowel: Suffix -tkaː
Else: Suffix -ytkaː onnschittka /ɔnʃitˈkaː/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -gnʊ
Else: Suffix -agnʊ onnschignu /ɔnʃigˈnʊ/ |
Pronouns
| 1st singular | ge /gə/
I, me |
| 2nd singular | tu /tu/
you |
| 3rd singular masc | pru /pʁʊ/
he, him, it |
| 3rd singular fem | tonkdt /toŋkt/
she, her, it |
| 1st plural | pe /pə/
we, us |
| 2nd plural | eelsch /eːlʃ/
you (all) |
| 3rd plural masc | kny /kny/
they, them (masculine) |
| 3rd plural fem | a /a/
they, them (feminine) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | i /i/
my |
| 2nd singular | ä /ɛ/
your |
| 3rd singular masc | sie /ziː/
his, its |
| 3rd singular fem | i /ɪ/
her, its |
| 1st plural | drü /dʁʏ/
our |
| 2nd plural | ass /as/
your |
| 3rd plural masc | hä /hɛː/
their (masculine) |
| 3rd plural fem | uhpsch /uːpʃ/
their (feminine) |
Verbs
Future tense is indicated with the word:
| Future particle | pö /pœ/
future tense particle |
| Present | Past | Remote past | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁt
Else: Suffix -iʁt irdt /iʁt/ |
Prefix yː-
üi /yːˈi/ |
Suffix -aʊp
iaub /iˈaʊp/ |
| 2nd singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -çt
Else: Suffix -øːçt ichdt /içt/ |
Suffix -u
iu /iˈu/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋkt
Else: Suffix -ɔŋkt inkdt /iŋkt/ |
| 3rd singular masc | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʔa
Else: Suffix -iʔa ia /iˈʔa/ |
Prefix biː-
biei /biːˈi/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -mpfɔ
Else: Suffix -aːmpfɔ immpfo /impˈfɔ/ |
| 3rd singular fem | Suffix -ɪʧ
iiʧ /iˈɪʧ/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -slaʊ
Else: Suffix -uslaʊ isslau /iˈslaʊ/ |
Prefix a-
ai /aˈi/ |
| 1st plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix kn-
Else: Prefix knyː- kni /kni/ |
Suffix -øː
iö /iˈøː/ |
Suffix -uːlt
iuldt /iˈuːlt/ |
| 2nd plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -sfaʊ
Else: Suffix -ɔsfaʊ issfau /isˈfaʊ/ |
Suffix -ʊs
iuss /iˈʊs/ |
Suffix -øːlt
iöldt /iˈøːlt/ |
| 3rd plural masc | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ka
Else: Suffix -aɪka icka /iˈka/ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -tl
Else: Suffix -aːtl ittl /itl/ |
Prefix iː-
iei /iːˈi/ |
| 3rd plural fem | Prefix bʁoː-
brohi /bʁoːˈi/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix gʁ-
Else: Prefix gʁiː- gri /gʁi/ |
Prefix ʔu-
ui /ʔuˈi/ |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying, and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).
It is indicated with the affix:
| Imperfect | Prefix ʃu-
schui /ʃuˈi/ |
Perfect aspect
Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
In Örnsdti, the perfect is constructed with an affix
| Perfect | If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -yːs iss /is/ |
Numbers
Örnsdti has a base-10 number system:
1 - o
2 - fru
3 - üttnä
4 - massluh
5 - loh
6 - ollsch
7 - schnoo
8 - plo
9 - jink
10 - appfoütchu
11 - appfoütchuo “ten-one”
100 - pru “hundred”
101 - pru o “hundred one”
200 - fru pru
1000 - nif “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ns
Else: Suffix -ons
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt
Else: Suffix -ant
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix a-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix øː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -aʊ
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʏntʔ-
Else: Prefix ʏntʔu-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lp
Else: Suffix -øːlp
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lgʊ
Else: Suffix -uːlgʊ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɔʏ
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋks
Else: Suffix -ʏŋks
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɔnʃ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix oːp-
Else: Prefix oːpe-
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -klɛ
Else: Suffix -eːklɛ
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nf
Else: Suffix -ʊnf
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