Old Wrodand, Mār

Natively known as: mār /mɛ˧˥ʐ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... bing à mū mōng à sîmî bing yin à mair ben yon ōr[alt] Pronunciation: /pi˧ŋ ɛ˨˩˦ mu˧˥ mo˥ŋ ɛ˨˩˦ ˈsi˥˩mi˥˩ pi˧ŋ ji˧n ɛ˨˩˦ mai̯˧ʐ pɤ˧n jʊ˧n ʊ˧˥ʐ/ Mārish word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind[/alt]

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: f j k kʰ l m n p pʰ s t tʰ w x ŋ ɥ ʂ ʂʰ ʈ ʐ ʦ ʦʰ ʨ ʨʰ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n				ŋ
Stop	p pʰ		t tʰ	ʈ			k kʰ
Affricate			ʦ ʦʰ		ʨ ʨʰ
Fricative		f	s	ʂ ʂʰ ʐ			x
Approximant						j
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ	w

Vowel inventory: a ai̯ au̯ ei̯ i o ou̯ u y ə ɛ ɤ ʊ
Diphthongs: ai̯ au̯ ei̯ ou̯
Tones: ˧ ˥ ˧˥ ˨˩˦ ˥˩

	Front	Central	Back
High	i y		u
Near-high			ʊ
High-mid			ɤ o
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable Word initial consonants: f fw j k kw kʰ kʰw l lj lw m mj n nj p pj pw pʰ pʰj s sw t tj tw tʰ tʰj tʰw w x xj xw ɥ ʂ ʂw ʈʂ ʈʂw ʈʂʰ ʈʂʰw ʐ ʐw ʦ ʦw ʦʰ ʦʰw ʨ ʨj ʨw ʨʰ ʨʰj ʨʰw Mid-word consonants: f j k kw kʰ l lj lw m mj n nf nj nk nkʰ nl nlj nm nn nnj np npj npʰ ns nt ntw ntʰ nw nx nxj nxw nɥ nʂ nʈʂ nʈʂʰ nʐ nʦ nʦʰ nʨ nʨj nʨʰ nʨʰj nʨʰw p pj pʰ s t tj tw tʰ w x xj xw ŋ ŋf ŋj ŋk ŋkw ŋkʰw ŋl ŋm ŋmj ŋn ŋp ŋs ŋt ŋtj ŋtʰ ŋw ŋx ŋxj ŋxw ŋɥ ŋʂ ŋʈʂ ŋʈʂʰ ŋʐ ŋʦ ŋʦw ŋʦʰ ŋʨ ŋʨj ŋʨʰ ŋʨʰj ɥ ʂ ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʐ ʐtʰ ʐʦ ʐʨʰj ʦ ʦw ʦʰ ʦʰw ʨ ʨj ʨʰ ʨʰj Word final consonants: n ŋ ʐ
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
w	u / C_
p	b / !_ʰ
k	g / !_ʰ
t	d / !_ʰ
ʨʰ	q
ʦʰ	c
ʈʂʰ	ch
ʈʂ	zh
ʦ	z
ʐ	r
ʰ
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
x	h
ʂ	sh
ɤ	e
ə	e
ʊ	o
y	ü / C_
y	yu
j	y
ʨ	j
ɛ	a
˥˩	̂
˥	̄
˧˥	̌
˨˩˦	̀
˧
̯

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Prefix ju˥- yūmü̂ /ˈju˥my˥˩/ man	Prefix o˧- omü̂ /ˈo˧my˥˩/ men
Feminine	If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix si˧- siɥōng /ˈsi˧ɥo˥ŋ/ woman	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma˥˩- mâɥōng /ˈma˥˩ɥo˥ŋ/ women
Neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mə˥- mēme /ˈmə˥mɤ˧/ dog	Prefix u˧- ume /ˈu˧mɤ˧/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	kī /kʰi˥/ the	dī /ti˥/ a
Plural	gēn /kə˥n/ the	mo /mo˧/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

Pronouns

1st singular	kān /kʰa˥n/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	lī /li˧˥/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	à /ɛ˨˩˦/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	mèn /mɤ˨˩˦n/ she, her, hers
3rd singular neut	ai /ai̯˧/ it, its
1st plural	mâ /ma˥˩/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	kū /kʰu˧˥/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	ī /i˥/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	lò /lʊ˨˩˦/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neut	nì /ni˨˩˦/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	kān /kʰa˥n/ my
2nd singular	lī /li˧˥/ your
3rd singular masc	à /ɛ˨˩˦/ his
3rd singular fem	mèn /mɤ˨˩˦n/ her
3rd singular neut	ai /ai̯˧/ its
1st plural	mâ /ma˥˩/ our
2nd plural	kū /kʰu˧˥/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	ī /i˥/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	lò /lʊ˨˩˦/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	nì /ni˨˩˦/ their (neut)

Verbs

1st person

	Future
Masculine	Prefix mi˥- mīnūr /ˈmi˥nu˥ʐ/
Feminine	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mʊ˥- mōnūr /ˈmʊ˥nu˥ʐ/
Neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mo˧- monūr /ˈmo˧nu˥ʐ/

2nd person

	Future
Masculine	Prefix wei̯˥- weīnūr /ˈwei̯˥nu˥ʐ/
Feminine	Prefix ju˧- yunūr /ˈju˧nu˥ʐ/
Neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix nu˧- nunūr /ˈnu˧nu˥ʐ/

3rd person

	Future
Masculine	Prefix ə˧- enūr /ˈə˧nu˥ʐ/
Feminine	Prefix ə˥- ēnūr /ˈə˥nu˥ʐ/
Neuter	Prefix u˥- ūnūr /ˈu˥nu˥ʐ/

Mārish uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ma˨˩˦n - màn nūr /ma˨˩˦n nu˥ʐ/ learned

Numbers

Mārish has a base-10 number system:
1 - gū 2 - î 3 - sīn 4 - ba 5 - ō 6 - mā 7 - yūng 8 - bobi 9 - mǖ 10 - mī 11 - mīgū “ten-one” 100 - gū shi “one hundred” 101 - gū shi gū “one hundred one” 200 - î shi 1000 - gū gûng “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ɛ˧- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -ei̯˧˥ŋ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix ni˥- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ki˧˥- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix li˧- Noun to verb = Suffix -u˧˥n Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -i˧n Tending to = Suffix -a˥˩ Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kʰ- Else: Prefix kʰa˧˥- Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -i˥˩ One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -i˨˩˦n Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ai̯˧n Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -ə˧ŋ Augmentative = Suffix -u˧n

Dictionary

4603 Words.