Old Zistroyan, Ketasl

Natively known as: ketasl /ˈketasʲlʲ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... ni mi ujta nejok mi pruj ni li mi vachuje reche par pazm[alt] Pronunciation: /ni mi ˈujtʲa ˈnejok mi pruj ni lʲi mi ˈvaʨuje ˈreʨe par pazm/ Ketaslish word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to[/alt]

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b bʲ d dʲ f fʲ g j k l lʲ m mʲ n nʲ p pʲ r rʲ s sʲ t tʲ v vʲ x z zʲ ɕː ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː ʦ ʨ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m mʲ		n nʲ
Stop	p pʲ b bʲ		t tʲ d dʲ				k g
Affricate			ʦ		ʨ
Fricative		f fʲ v vʲ	s sʲ z zʲ	ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː	ɕː		x
Approximant						j
Trill			r rʲ
Lateral approximant			l lʲ

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: No fixed stress Word initial consonants: b bl blʲ br brʲ bʲ d dlʲ dn dr drʲ dv dvʲ dʲ f fk fklʲ fp fpr fr fsk fsp fst fstrʲ fsʲ fsʲlʲ ft fx fʲ fʲpʲ g gdʲ gl glʲ gr grʲ j k kl klʲ knʲ kr krʲ kst kt kv l lʲ m mgn ml mn mnʲ mʲ n nr nʲ p pl plʲ pr prʲ ptʲ pʲ r rʲ s sj sk skr skv sl sm smʲ sn sp spr sprʲ spʲ sr srʲ st str strʲ stv sv svʲ sx sxv sʦ sʲ sʲlʲ sʲnʲ sʲtʲ t tk tr trʲ tv tvʲ tʲ v vd vdr vl vlʲ vmʲ vn vnʲ vr vrʲ vzd vzglʲ vzr vzʲ vʲ x xlʲ xr xv z zd zdr zl zn zrʲ zv zvʲ zʲ zʲdʲ ɕː ʂ ʂk ʂlʲ ʂt ʐ ʐd ʦ ʦvʲ ʨ ʨlʲ Mid-word consonants: b bj bl blʲ bn br bʲ d dj dl dlʲ dmʲ dn dr dv dvʲ dʲ dʲb dʲnʲ f fk fsk fstrʲ fsʲ ft ftr fʂ fʨ fʲ g gd gl glʲ gr gz gʐ j jg jk jm jn jsk jstv jstvʲ jtʲ jʂ k kl klʲ kn kr krʲ kt ktʲ kv kʦ l ld lg lk ln lnʲ lp lst lt lʐ lʐn lʨ lʲ lʲk lʲn lʲnʲ lʲstv lʲstvʲ lʲt lʲz lʲzʲ lʲʂ lʲʦ lʲʨ m mk mlʲ mn mnʲ mp mʲ mʲj mʲpʲ n nd nf nglʲ ngr nk nr nsk nspʲ nstv nstvʲ ntr nʐ nʦ nʲ nʲdʲ nʲg nʲk nʲsʲtʲ nʲtʲ nʲɕː nʲʨ p pk pl plʲ pn pr prʲ pst pstvʲ px pɕː pʲ r rd rdʲ rg rk rl rm rmʲ rn rnʲ rpʲ rsk rstv rstvʲ rsʲ rt rtk rtrʲ rtv rtʲ rv rx rxn rxnʲ rʂ rʐ rʐd rʦ rʨ rʲ rʲb rʲj rʲm s sk sklʲ skv sl sm smʲ sn sp spʲ st stk str strʲ stv stvʲ sx sʲ sʲlʲ sʲm sʲnʲ sʲtʲ sʲtʲj t tk tkr tlʲ tmʲ tn tp tpr tprʲ tpʲ tr trʲ tvʲ tx tʲ tʲj tʲnʲ v vd vg vlʲ vn vnʲ vr vrʲ vʲ vʲj x xk xn xnʲ xr xv z zb zd zg zglʲ zm zmʲ zn zr zrʲ zv zvr zvʲ zʲ zʲb zʲdʲ zʲj zʲlʲ zʲnʲ ɕː ɕːn ʂ ʂk ʂl ʂn ʂnʲ ʂsk ʂt ʂː ʐ ʐb ʐd ʐdʲ ʐn ʐnʲ ʐː ʦ ʦk ʦs ʦsʲ ʦt ʦtv ʦtvʲ ʨ ʨk ʨn ʨnʲ ʨt ʨtʲ Word final consonants: blʲ brʲ f fʲ j k kst kt l lk lp lʲ lʲm m mʲ n nk nkt nt ntr nʲ p r rk rs rt rtʲ rx rʲ s sk sl st str sʲ sʲlʲ sʲnʲ sʲtʲ t tr tʲ x z zm zʲnʲ ɕː ʂ ʂtʲ ʦ ʨ
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʨ	ch
x	kh
ʐ	zh
ʂ	sh
ʦ	ts
ʲ
ɕː	shch

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Definite	No affix fklu /fklʲu/ the dog	If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʲ Else: Suffix -atʲ fklut /fklʲutʲ/ the dogs
Indefinite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -uj fkluj /fklʲuj/ a dog	Suffix -a fklua /fklʲuˈa/ some dogs

Articles

Ketaslish encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	it /it/ I	e /e/ me
2nd singular	vit /vitʲ/ you	te /tʲe/ you
3rd singular	mi /mi/ he, she, it	vik /vik/ him, her, it
1st plural inclusive	si /si/ we (including you)	na /nʲa/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	a /a/ we (excluding you)	pe /pe/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	i /i/ you all	po /po/ you all
3rd plural	ve /ve/ they	vo /vo/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	it /it/ my
2nd singular	vit /vitʲ/ your
3rd singular	mi /mi/ his, her, its
1st plural inclusive	si /si/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	a /a/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	i /i/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ve /ve/ their

Verbs

Present	Suffix -am vanam /vaˈnam/ learn
Past	No affix van /van/ learned
Remote past	Suffix -atʲ vanat /ˈvanatʲ/ learned (long ago)

Ketaslish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: a - a van /a van/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Ketaslish uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: pu - pu van /pu van/ learns/is learning

Numbers

Ketaslish has a base-10 number system:
1 - za 2 - var 3 - vak 4 - sontr 5 - zdru 6 - kat 7 - re 8 - vebivi 9 - vij 10 - da 11 - da ni za “ten and one” 100 - ris “hundred” 101 - ris ni za “hundred and one” 200 - var ris 1000 - pocha “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -em Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ik Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -itʲ Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ast Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -is Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ik Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -isʲlʲ Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -aj Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʲ Else: Suffix -ilʲ Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -oj One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt Else: Suffix -int Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʲ Else: Suffix -itʲ Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʲ Else: Suffix -itʲ Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -uk

Dictionary

4595 Words.