Našvan

This is the common language for the Kiwta, the Pecou, and the Ta.

Natively known as: jultu /ʒulˈtu/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
clinnhs pum crom voi ga cer clinnhs due quem crom cannh for mi
Pronunciation: /klĩɲʃ pũ kɾõ vɔj gɐ kɨɾ klĩɲʃ dwɨ kẽ kɾõ kɐ̃ɲ foʁ mi/
Našvan word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g j k l m n p s t v w z ɲ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʎ ʒ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Stop	p b		d t			k g
Fricative		v f	s z	ʒ ʃ			ʁ
Approximant					j
Tap			ɾ
Lateral approximant			l		ʎ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e ẽ i ĩ o õ u ũ ɐ ɐ̃ ɐ̃w̃ ɔ ɛ ɨ
Diphthongs: ɐ̃w̃ ?

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ	u ũ
High-mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-low		ɐ ɐ̃
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
k	qu / _{i,e,ɛ}
k	c
ʎ	lh
j	i
ʒ	j
ɾ	r
ʁ	r
ʃ	s / _#
ʃ	s / _C
ʃ	ch
ɲ	nh
ɐ̃w̃	ão
w	u
ɨ	e
ɛ	e
ɔ	o
ĩ	im / _#
ĩ	im / _{p,b}
ĩ	in
ũ	um / _#
ũ	um / _{p,b}
ũ	un
ẽ	em / _#
ẽ	em / _{p,b}
ẽ	en
ɐ̃	am / _#
ɐ̃	am / _{p,b}
ɐ̃	an
ɐ	a
õ	om / _#
õ	im / _{p,b}
õ	on

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix tunhs /tuɲʃ/ dog (doing the verb)	If starts with vowel: Prefix gɾ- Else: Prefix gɾĩ- grintunhs /gɾĩˈtuɲʃ/ dogs (doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix kɾ- Else: Prefix kɾũ- cruntunhs /kɾũˈtuɲʃ/ (verb done to) the/a dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix vɐ̃w̃- vãotunhs /vɐ̃w̃ˈtuɲʃ/ (verb done to) dogs
Genitive	Prefix fɾu- frutunhs /fɾuˈtuɲʃ/ dogʼs	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ki- quitunhs /kiˈtuɲʃ/ dogsʼ
Dative	Prefix ɐ̃- antunhs /ɐ̃ˈtuɲʃ/ to the/a dog	Prefix kɐ̃w̃- cãotunhs /kɐ̃w̃ˈtuɲʃ/ to dogs

Articles

Definite	jel /ʒɨl/ the
Indefinite	prinu /pɾĩw/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	ge /ge/ I	viom /vjõ/ me	cum /kũ/ mine	que /ke/ to me
2nd singular	cuis /kujs/ you	nu /nu/ you	brãois /bɾɐ̃w̃jʃ/ yours	pais /pajs/ to you
3rd singular masc	pum /pũ/ he, it (masc)	crom /kɾõ/ his, it (masc)	munhs /muɲʃ/ his, its (masc)	vo /vo/ to his, to it (masc)
3rd singular fem	pra /pɾa/ she, it (fem)	fle /flɨ/ her, it (fem)	clu /klu/ hers, its (fem)	duão /dwɐ̃w̃/ to her, to it (fem)
1st plural inclusive	dim /dĩ/ we (including you)	i /i/ us (including you)	sum /sũ/ ours (including you)	dau /dɐw/ to us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	a /a/ we (excluding you)	unnh /ũɲ/ us (excluding you)	go /gɔ/ ours (excluding you)	rieis /ʁjɨjs/ to us (excluding you)
2nd plural	pas /pas/ you all	me /mɛ/ you all	fleus /flɨwʃ/ yours (pl)	ranhs /ʁaɲʃ/ to you all
3rd plural	qui /ki/ they	quos /kwɔs/ them	te /tɨ/ theirs	as /aʃ/ to them

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	cum /kũ/ my
2nd singular	brãois /bɾɐ̃w̃jʃ/ your
3rd singular masc	crom /kɾõ/ his
3rd singular fem	clu /klu/ her
1st plural inclusive	sum /sũ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	go /gɔ/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	fleus /flɨwʃ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	te /tɨ/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix bro /bɾo/ learn
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fɔ- fobro /fɔˈbɾo/ learned
Future	Prefix gɾu- grubro /gɾuˈbɾo/ will learn

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Našvan uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Reduplicate whole word brobro /bɾoˈbɾo/ have learned

Numbers

Našvan has a base-10 number system:
1 - clo
2 - laus
3 - pro
4 - fal
5 - frer
6 - dir
7 - mir
8 - fluse
9 - clor
10 - pajau
100 - gru
1000 - lhinhs

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ɐ̃w̃-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix fɾ-
Else: Prefix fɾɔ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix bɾ-
Else: Prefix bɾɨ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix u-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix a-
Noun to verb = Prefix ʒa-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix gɾe-
Tending to = Prefix bu-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ut-
Else: Prefix utɐ̃w̃-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix li-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kɾ-
Else: Prefix kɾĩ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ-
Else: Prefix ʃũ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix kw-
Else: Prefix kwẽ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix ta-

Dictionary

3038 Words.