Ingarin

Natively known as: Ingarɪn /ˈingaɹin/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... ke jĩ rɪtɪ mbõ jĩ wẽgo ke nɪ̃ jĩ rɪdoa noxe bome re Pronunciation: /ke jĩ ˈrɪti mbʊ̃ jĩ ˈwə̃gʊ ke nĩ jĩ ˈrɪdɔɑ ˈnoxe ˈɓomə re/ Ingarin word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Affixes in this language: ACT.OF | ADVERB | AUG | DIM | DOER | HAVING.QUALITY.OF | LIKELY.TO | NOUN.PLURAL | NOUN.SING | PLACE.OF | PRODUCT.OF | QUALITY.OF.BEING | RELATING.TO | RESULT.OF.DOING | TO.CREATE | TO.MAKE

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c d g h j k l m mb n nd p r s t w x ŋ ɓ ɗ ɟ ɣ ɬ ɲ ɹ ʃ ʄ ʒ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Prenasalized stop	mb	nd
Stop	p b	t d		c ɟ	k g
Implosive	ɓ	ɗ		ʄ
Fricative		s	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ	h
Approximant		ɹ		j
Trill		r
Lateral fricative		ɬ
Lateral approximant		l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labio-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e ẽ i ĩ o õ u ũː æ ɑ ɔ ə ə̃ ɛ ɪ ɪ̃ ʊ ʊ̃/

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ		u ũː
Near-high	ɪ̃ ɪ		ʊ ʊ̃
High-mid	e ẽ		o õ
Mid		ə ə̃
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-low	æ
Low	a		ɑ

Syllable structure: Custom defined ? Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ? Word initial consonants: b, c, d, g, j, k, l, mb, n, nd, r, s, t, w, x, ɓ, ɗ, ɟ, ɣ, ɬ, ɲ, ɹ, ʃ, ʄ, ʒ Mid-word consonants: b, c, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, mb, n, nd, p, r, s, t, w, x, ŋ, ɓ, ɗ, ɟ, ɣ, ɬ, ɲ, ɹ, ʃ, ʄ, ʒ Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application): ?

• j → ʤ / V_V
• t → s / _{n,m}
• d → t / _{l,r}
• ŋ → ɲ / _{i,e}
• n → Ø / _s
• e → a / _#

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
i	ɪ
æ	a
ŋ	n
ɑ	a
ɓ	b
ɔ	o
ə	e
ɛ	e
ɲ	n
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
ʊ	o

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Singular	No affix lonɪ̃ /ˈlonĩ/ dog
Plural	Prefix gɑ- galonɪ̃ /ˈgɑlonĩ/ dogs

Articles

Ingarin has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	ɣo /ɣo/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ɬõ /ɬõ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	jĩ /jĩ/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	ɣu /ɣu/ she, her, hers
1st plural	ku /ku/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	sẽ /sə̃/ you (all), yours
3rd plural	ɟe /ɟe/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ɣo /ɣo/ my
2nd singular	ɬõ /ɬõ/ your
3rd singular masc	jĩ /jĩ/ his
3rd singular fem	ɣu /ɣu/ her
1st plural	ku /ku/ our
2nd plural	ɬõ /ɬõ/ your
3rd plural	ɟe /ɟe/ their

Verbs

Ingarin uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	ɬe /ɬɛ/ past particle

Ingarin uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

jo /jʊ/ will

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Ingarin uses the word for ‘finish’ boe for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Ingarin has a base-20 number system:
1 - xɪ
2 - lɪ̃
3 - ɗe
4 - lu
5 - ɗũː
6 - e
7 - ku
8 - u
9 - dõ
10 - ʄɪ
11 - bome
12 - korũː
13 - ʄabɪ
14 - wẽɣu
15 - ʄaba
16 - boɬe
17 - tɪhɪ̃
18 - wẽmũː
19 - jomɪ
20 - mbẽsɪ̃
21 - mbẽsɪ̃xɪ “twenty-one”
400 - xɪ rɪɟe “one fourhundred”
401 - xɪ rɪɟe xɪ “one fourhundred one”
800 - lɪ̃ rɪɟe “two fourhundred”
8000 - xɪ koɗo “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɹu
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -pũː
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ʒɔ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix gæ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɲɛ
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix ta-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɣɔ
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -ʃæ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɲɛ
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix lo-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ʄʊ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -põ
Diminutive = Suffix -põ
Augmentative = Suffix -ɹu

Dictionary

4343 Words.