Outoshi

Natively known as: Outushi /ɒˈʊtuˌʃi/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
jij gidech pra shal køhbi jij zøj shal shok sødde ru so
Pronunciation: /ʤij giˈdeʧ pɾa ʃal køhˈbi ʤij zøj ʃal ʃok sødˈde ɾu so/
Outoshi word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d g h j k l m n n̪ p r s t v z ŋ ɣ ɫ ɰ ɾ ʃ ʤ ʧ β/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n n̪			ŋ
Stop	p b		t d			k g
Affricate				ʧ ʤ
Fricative	β	v	s z	ʃ		ɣ	h
Approximant					j	ɰ
Tap			ɾ
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø ɯ/

	Front	Back
High	i y	ɯ u
High-mid	e ø	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: advanced ?
Word initial consonants: b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pɾ, s, t, v, z, ɾ, ʃ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dd, dj, dʃ, g, h, hb, hl, ht, hv, j, jd, jg, jl, jm, jn, js, jv, k, kl, ks, kt, kɾ, kʃ, l, ld, lg, lk, lm, ln, ls, lt, lʤ, m, md, ml, mʤ, n, nd, nk, nl, nm, nn, ns, nsl, nt, nɾ, nʤ, n̪j, p, pɫ, pɾ, r, rk, rr, s, sk, sl, st, t, tb, tl, tm, ts, tt, tɾ, tʃ, tʃm, v, vl, z, zd, zg, zl, ŋg, ɣ, ɣm, ɣɾ, ɰl, ɰls, ɾ, ɾb, ɾd, ɾh, ɾk, ɾkl, ɾl, ɾm, ɾt, ɾtʃ, ɾʃ, ʃ, ʃk, ʃl, ʃm, ʃt, ʤ, ʧ, ʧk, ʧm, βg, βl
Word final consonants: h, j, k, l, lm, lp, lt, m, n, ns, p, s, st, t, v, z, ɾ, ɾk, ɾs, ɾt, ʃ, ʃk, ʧ
Phonological changes (in order of application): ?

• d → l / #_
• h → w / #_
• n → ŋ / _#
• k → x / V_t

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ŋ	n
ɒ	o
ɣ	jg | ga | j
ɫ	w | ou
ɯ	w
ɰ	v | w
ɾ	r
ʃ	sh
ʊ	u
ʤ#	g
ʤ	j
ʧ	ch | k
β	v

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Grammar

Main word order: Verb-Subject-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine	Neutral	High	Low
Singular	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix kɯ- Else: Prefix de- deedis /deˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a- Else: Prefix ø- øedis /øˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ha- Else: Prefix sa- saedis /saˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix u- Else: Prefix ur- uredis /uˈredis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix nu- Else: Prefix bu- buedis /buˈedis/
Plural	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix i- Else: Prefix ie- ieedis /iˈeeˌdis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ør- Else: Prefix øt- øtedis /øˈtedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix e- Else: Prefix e- eedis /eˈedis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ea- Else: Prefix eas- easedis /eˈaseˌdis/	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ɜ- Else: Prefix y- yedis /yˈedis/

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st person singular	it /it/	ert /eɾt/
2nd person singular	merk /meɾk/	ne /ne/
3rd person masculine singular	dun /dun/	vy /vy/
3rd person feminie singular	jwns /jɯns/	pins /pins/
3rd person neutral singular	mish /miʃ/	ych /yʧ/
1st person plural	wst /ɯst/	jins /ʤins/
2nd person plural	yv /yv/	ashk /aʃk/
3rd person plural	pik /pik/	zø /zø/
1st person high singular	velm /velm/	kuk /kuʧ/
2nd person high singular	ech /eʧ/	art /aɾt/
3rd person high masculine singular	by /by/	a /a/
3rd person high feminie singular	ken /ken/	ka /ʧa/
3rd person high neutral singular	sirk /siɾk/	siz /siz/
1st person high plural	char /ʧaɾ/	et /et/
2nd person high plural	is /is/	ja /ja/
3rd person high plural	e /e/	a /a/
1st person low singular	sy /sy/	bun /bun/
2nd person low singular	i /i/	ve /ve/
3rd person low masculine singular	wshk /ɯʃk/	tu /tu/
3rd person low feminie singular	hi /hi/	a /a/
3rd person low neutral singular	mis /mis/	tol /tol/
1st person low plural	hez /hez/	tur /tuɾ/
2nd person low plural	art /aɾt/	bust /bust/
3rd person low plural	prurk /pɾuɾk/	mi /mi/

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	gor /goɾ/ the	y /y/ a
Plural	ar /aɾ/ the	ulp /ulp/ some

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bim /bim/ my
2nd singular	prap /pɾap/ your
3rd singular masc	shal /ʃal/ his
3rd singular fem	be /be/ her
1st plural inclusive	zy /zy/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ilp /ilp/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	tans /tans/ your
3rd plural	øj /øj/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix sip /sip/ study
Past	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -a Else: Suffix -i sipi /siˈpi/ studied
Remote past	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -oj Else: Suffix -yv sipyv /siˈpyv/ studied (long ago)
Future	If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -ɯp Else: Suffix -eʃ sipesh /siˈpeʃ/ will study

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night). Outoshi uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Suffix -uh Else: Suffix -ens sipens /siˈpens/ is studying

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. Outoshi uses the word for ‘finish’ endirs for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Outoshi has a base-10 number system:
1 - jwk 2 - mi 3 - ulm 4 - koko 5 - gi 6 - jat 7 - ev 8 - my 9 - torka 10 - juh

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix pa- Else: Prefix hi-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a- Else: Prefix i-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ga- Else: Prefix me-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix to- Else: Prefix si-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ʧu- Else: Prefix ne-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix do- Else: Prefix ʧy-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix du- Else: Prefix bi-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix y-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix tu- Else: Prefix ly-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a- Else: Prefix i-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix i-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix u- Else: Prefix i-
Diminutive = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix ga- Else: Prefix ke-
Augmentative = If contains (a|ɯ|u|o): Prefix a- Else: Prefix i-

Dictionary

4381 Words.