Phoenician (Kena'ani)
1200 BCE - 539 BCE
The Phoenician civilization, flourishing roughly from 1500 to 300 BCE along the Eastern Mediterranean coast, was celebrated for its maritime dominance, trade expertise, and cultural influence. Noted for their creation of the alphabet, seafaring prowess, and establishment of influential city-states like Tyre and Sidon, they were key players in ancient commerce, renowned for their purple dye, glass production, and navigation skills. Their legacy persists through their contributions to language, trade routes, and their impact on subsequent civilizations in the region.
Culture
Major language groups and dialects
Phoenician language, a Semitic language, was primarily spoken with various dialects across their city-states and trading posts, influencing other languages in the region.
Culture and cultural heritage
The Phoenicians had a rich cultural heritage, including craftsmanship in shipbuilding, intricate metalwork, and the development of the alphabet, which significantly impacted subsequent civilizations.
Shared customary codes and values
Phoenician society emphasized trade, craftsmanship, and maritime activities, valuing entrepreneurship, resourcefulness, and cosmopolitanism.
Common Etiquette rules
Hospitality and respect for elders were central to Phoenician etiquette, with guests being treated with utmost courtesy and generosity.
Common Dress code
Phoenician attire was often vibrant, reflecting the importance of trade and their access to diverse fabrics and styles from their commercial contacts.
Art & Architecture
Phoenician art was characterized by intricate metalwork, pottery, and ivory carvings. Their architecture was practical, featuring sturdy construction for both homes and temples.
Foods & Cuisine
Their cuisine included seafood, grains, fruits, vegetables, and spices, heavily influenced by their access to various trade routes.
Common Customs, traditions and rituals
Religious ceremonies, honoring gods such as Baal and Astarte, played a significant role. Additionally, festivals and rituals related to agricultural cycles were prevalent.
Coming of Age Rites
Specific ceremonies marked the transition to adulthood, often including religious rituals or trials demonstrating maturity.
Funerary and Memorial customs
Phoenicians practiced burial customs, including offerings to the deceased, grave goods, and sometimes cremation.
Common Taboos
Specific taboos likely included disrespecting elders, violating hospitality, or defying religious practices.
Common Myths and Legends
Phoenician mythology involved various gods and mythical creatures, often intertwined with neighboring cultures' myths.
Historical figures
Notable figures include King Hiram I of Tyre, who contributed to the city's prosperity and the expansion of trade networks.
Ideals
Beauty Ideals
Beauty was often associated with adornment, including jewelry, elaborate hairstyles, and well-crafted attire.
Gender Ideals
Phoenician society had roles for both men and women, with women enjoying relatively more freedom and influence compared to some other ancient societies.
Courtship Ideals
Courtship likely involved familial involvement, societal expectations, and rituals signifying commitment.
Relationship Ideals
Respect, mutual support, and stability were likely valued in Phoenician relationships, often influenced by familial and societal expectations.
