Sumerian (Sag-gi-ga)
4100 BCE - 1750 BCE
The Sumerians, one of the earliest known civilizations in Mesopotamia, thrived from around 4500 to 1900 BCE. Renowned for their invention of writing (cuneiform), complex city-states like Ur and Uruk, and contributions to early civilization, they developed religious beliefs, governance structures, and advanced agricultural practices. Their legacy endures through their language, literature, and the fundamental impact they had on later Mesopotamian cultures.
Culture
Major language groups and dialects
Sumerian (Eme-gir) was the primary language, written in cuneiform script, and Akkadian was also used in later periods.
Culture and cultural heritage
Contributions to the development of writing, the concept of time (with the invention of the lunar calendar), and complex administrative systems.
Shared customary codes and values
Worship of multiple gods, city-state loyalty, and respect for authority and tradition were crucial aspects of Sumerian society.
Common Etiquette rules
Respect for elders, hospitality towards guests, and adherence to religious practices were valued.
Common Dress code
Clothing varied among social classes but typically included draped garments made from wool or linen, with jewelry and adornments indicating status.
Art & Architecture
Known for ziggurats (temple-pyramids), intricate cylinder seals, and sculptures depicting gods, rulers, and daily life scenes.
Foods & Cuisine
Agriculture was vital, with a diet including grains like barley, wheat, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and meat from domesticated animals.
Common Customs, traditions and rituals
Engaged in religious rituals, including offerings, processions, and festivals dedicated to gods like Inanna, Enlil, and Enki.
Coming of Age Rites
Rituals possibly existed, marking transitions to adulthood, but specific details are not extensively documented.
Funerary and Memorial customs
Burial practices varied, including interment in tombs or graves with grave goods and offerings.
Common Taboos
Disrespecting gods or religious customs, and breaking social norms, would have been considered taboo.
Common Myths and Legends
The Sumerians left behind a rich collection of myths and stories, including the Epic of Gilgamesh, among the oldest surviving literary works.
Historical figures
King Gilgamesh, immortalized in the Epic of Gilgamesh, and Enheduanna, the earliest known named author and priestess.
Ideals
Beauty Ideals
Beauty ideals aren't extensively documented, but clothing adorned with jewelry and various hairstyles might have been valued.
Gender Ideals
Men were involved in various professions, trade, and governance, while women managed households, engaged in weaving, and sometimes participated in religious roles.
Courtship Ideals
Marriage served economic and social purposes, often arranged by families. Ceremonies and dowries were customary.
Relationship Ideals
Family and kinship were central. Marriages often reinforced alliances and economic ties between families.
