Greeshti (gɾˠeːʃtʲiː)

Natively known as: greesht /gɾˠeːʃtʲ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... gar bˠrag doɾ khlood shchyuu fˠoo gar doɾ khlüj uu ruunusˠka d̪ˠaa gawmˠ[alt] Pronunciation: /gaɾˠ bˠɾˠag dʲoɾʲ xɫoːdʲ ʃcuː fˠoː gaɾˠ dʲoɾʲ xɫʌɟ uː ɾˠuːˈɲusˠka d̪ˠaː gɔmˠ/ Gɾˠeeshti word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned[/alt]

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: bʲ bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ g h k lʲ mʲ mˠ nʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ vˠ x ç ŋ ɟ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	mʲ mˠ		n̪ˠ	nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pʲ pˠ bʲ bˠ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʲ dʲ		c ɟ	k g
Fricative		fʲ fˠ vʲ vˠ		sˠ	ʃ	ç	x	h
Tap				ɾʲ ɾˠ
Lateral approximant				lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: a aː e eː i ia̯ iə̯ iː o oː u uə̯ uː ɑː ɔ əi̯ əu̯ ɛ ɛː ɪ ɯ ɯː ʊ ʌ
Diphthongs: ia̯ iə̯ uə̯ əi̯ əu̯

	Front	Back
High	i iː	ɯ ɯː u uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː	ʌ ɔ
Low	a aː	ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable Word initial consonants: bʲ bʲɾʲ bˠ bˠɾˠ c cɾʲ dʲ dʲɾʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fʲɾʲ fˠ g gɫ gɾˠ h k kɫ kɾˠ lʲ mʲ mˠ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ sˠk sˠt̪ˠ sˠɾˠ tʲ tʲɾʲ t̪ˠ t̪ˠɾˠ vʲ x xɫ ç ɟ ɫ ɾˠ ʃ ʃc ʃcɾʲ Mid-word consonants: bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ g gɫ h hɾˠ k lʲ mʲ mˠ mˠpˠ nʲ nʲʃ n̪ˠ n̪ˠt̪ˠ pˠ sˠ sˠk sˠt̪ˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ vˠ x xt̪ˠ ŋ ɟ ɫ ɫt̪ˠ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ɾˠsˠ ɾˠɫ ʃ ʃtʲ Word final consonants: dʲ d̪ˠ g h k lʲ mʲ mˠ nʲ nʲtʲ n̪ˠ sˠ sˠt̪ˠ tʲ vʲ vˠ x xt̪ˠ ŋg ɟ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾʲtʲ ɾˠ ɾˠd̪ˠ ɾˠtʲ ɾˠt̪ˠ ʃ ʃtʲ
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʲ
ɔ	aw
ɑː	ǎ
ɛ	ě
ɪ	ǐ
ʊ	ǔ
ʌ	ü
ɯ	ú
c	chy
x	kh
ʃ	sh
ŋ	ng
ɟ	j
ɫ	l
ɲ	n
ç	sḧ
Vː	VV
ɾˠ	r
̯

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: çɛ - sḧě kee /çɛ keː/ dogs

Nominative	No affix kee /keː/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -osˠ Else: Suffix -uːɾˠ keeuur /ˈkeːuːɾˠ/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -o Else: Suffix -uː keeuu /ˈkeːuː/ dogʼs
Dative	If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -aːnʲtʲ Else: Suffix -iːsˠt̪ˠ keeiisˠt̪ˠ /ˈkeːiːsˠt̪ˠ/ to (the/a) dog

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	krǎmˠ /kɾˠɑːmˠ/ the	rǎn̪ˠ /ɾˠɑːn̪ˠ/ a
Plural	bˠru /bˠɾˠu/ the	moo /mʲoː/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	reengg /ɾˠeːŋg/ I	t̪ˠort̪ˠ /t̪ˠoɾˠt̪ˠ/ me	bˠawk /bˠɔk/ mine	ii /iː/ to me
2nd singular	gü /gʌ/ you	shin̪ˠ /ʃin̪ˠ/ you	kiəsˠ /kiə̯sˠ/ yours	jam /ɟamʲ/ to you
3rd singular masc	bˠrag /bˠɾˠag/ he, it	shchyəid̪ˠ /ʃcəi̯d̪ˠ/ him, it	sˠt̪ˠa /sˠt̪ˠa/ his, its	shii /ʃiː/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	təisˠ /tʲəi̯sˠ/ she, it	sˠkiil /sˠkiːlʲ/ her, it	üd̪ˠ /ʌd̪ˠ/ hers, its	akh /ax/ to her, at it
1st plural inclusive	koor /koːɾˠ/ we (including you)	rúkh /ɾˠɯx/ us (including you)	bɾǎ /bʲɾʲɑː/ ours (including you)	shu /ʃu/ to us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	rii /ɾˠiː/ we (excluding you)	mˠiiɾ /mˠiːɾʲ/ us (excluding you)	sḧǎɾ /çɑːɾʲ/ ours (excluding you)	chyah /cah/ to us (excluding you)
2nd plural	kag /kag/ you all	kuur /kuːɾˠ/ you all	aan̪ˠ /aːn̪ˠ/ yours (pl)	t̪ˠreed /t̪ˠɾˠeːdʲ/ to you all
3rd plural	bˠükh /bˠʌx/ they	mii /mʲiː/ them	bɾěě /bʲɾʲɛː/ theirs	sˠee /sˠeː/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bˠookh /bˠoːx/ my
2nd singular	dii /dʲiː/ your
3rd singular masc	doɾ /dʲoɾʲ/ his
3rd singular fem	shúú /ʃɯː/ her
1st plural inclusive	bˠruu /bˠɾˠuː/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	tɾúú /tʲɾʲɯː/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	fɾěvˠ /fʲɾʲɛvˠ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tě /tʲɛ/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix hoo /hoː/ learn
Past	If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -onʲ Else: Suffix -ia̯ɾˠt̪ˠ hooiart̪ˠ /ˈhoːia̯ɾˠt̪ˠ/ learned
Remote past	If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -anʲ Else: Suffix -iə̯n̪ˠ hooiən̪ˠ /ˈhoːiə̯n̪ˠ/ learned (long ago)
Future	If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -ɛ Else: Suffix -ia̯ hooia /ˈhoːia̯/ will learn

Numbers

Gɾˠeeshti has a base-10 number system:
1 - jeekh 2 - gü 3 - ěěra 4 - awhrǔ 5 - t̪ˠo 6 - pˠǔl 7 - ton 8 - kəu 9 - d̪ˠǎ 10 - chyɾi 11 - jeekh gar chyɾi “one and ten” 100 - t̪ˠi “hundred” 101 - t̪ˠi jeekh “hundred one” 200 - gü t̪ˠi 1000 - pˠit “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -uɾˠ Else: Suffix -uə̯mˠ Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -a Else: Suffix -əu̯ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -a Else: Suffix -oː Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -uː Else: Suffix -iː Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -oː Else: Suffix -ɑː Noun to verb = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -ad̪ˠ Else: Suffix -ad̪ˠ Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -ɯ Else: Suffix -ɪ Tending to = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -ɛ Else: Suffix -uə̯ Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -aːx Else: Suffix -ia̯dʲ Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -o Else: Suffix -iː One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -aː Else: Suffix -uː Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -uːɾʲtʲ Else: Suffix -ax Diminutive = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -utʲ Else: Suffix -ɑːnʲ Augmentative = If contains {i,ʌ,u,o,ɯ,e,aː,o,ɛː,ɯː}: Suffix -aː Else: Suffix -ia̯

Dictionary

4573 Words.

Root Languages

• Neinn