Jaullish

Natively known as: jaull /ʤau̯ll/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... bau yi joli fri yi nent bau gurd yi pla erd nyam du[alt] Pronunciation: /bau̯ ji ˈʤoli fri ji nent bau̯ gurd ji pla erd ɲam du/ Jaullish word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to[/alt]

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t w ŋ ɲ ʤ ʧ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p b		t d			k g
Affricate				ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f	s				h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a ai̯ au̯ e i o u
Diphthongs: ai̯ au̯

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable Word initial consonants: b d fr g gr h j k l m n p pl pr r s sh st t tr w ɲ ʤ ʧ Mid-word consonants: b bʤ d f g h hk j k kh kk ks kt kɲ l lk m mb ml mp n nd nk ns nt ntr nɲ nʤ nʧ p pk pt r rb rd rg rh rk rl rm rn rp rs rt rʤ rʧ s sk st str t tk w ŋ ŋg ŋh ŋk ŋl ŋs ɲ ʤ ʧ Word final consonants: b h k l ll m n nd nt p r rd s t w ŋ
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʧ	c
ŋ	ng
j	y
ʤ	j
ɲ	ny
̯

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	No affix hung /huŋ/ man	If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix da- dahung /ˈdahuŋ/ men
Feminine	No affix su /su/ woman	Prefix gra- grasu /ˈgrasu/ women
Neuter	Prefix hau̯- haupausku /ˈhau̯pau̯sku/ dog	Prefix ɲe- nyepausku /ˈɲepau̯sku/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	traung /trau̯ŋ/ the	shus /shus/ a
Plural	se /se/ the	paul /pau̯l/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

Pronouns

1st singular	lai /lai̯/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	mau /mau̯/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	yi /ji/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	fru /fru/ she, her, hers
3rd singular neuter	hih /hih/ it, its
1st plural	sa /sa/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	rai /rai̯/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	he /he/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	u /u/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuter	tai /tai̯/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	lai /lai̯/ my
2nd singular	mau /mau̯/ your
3rd singular masc	yi /ji/ his
3rd singular fem	fru /fru/ her
3rd singular neuter	hih /hih/ its
1st plural	sa /sa/ our
2nd plural	rai /rai̯/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	he /he/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	u /u/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	tai /tai̯/ their (neut)

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st singular	Prefix sai̯- saiun /ˈsai̯un/ (I) learn	Prefix ha- haun /ˈhaun/ (I) learned	Prefix nai̯- naiun /ˈnai̯un/ (I) learned (long ago)
2nd singular	Prefix mu- muun /ˈmuun/ (you) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ- Else: Prefix ʧai̯- cun /ʧun/ (you) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix tr- Else: Prefix tra- trun /trun/ (you) learned (long ago)
3rd singular masc	If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jo- yun /jun/ (he) learns	Prefix sha- shaun /ˈshaun/ (he) learned	Prefix gri- griun /ˈgriun/ (he) learned (long ago)
3rd singular fem	Prefix au̯- auun /ˈau̯un/ (she) learns	If starts with vowel: Prefix r- Else: Prefix ra- run /run/ (she) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix me- mun /mun/ (she) learned (long ago)
3rd singular neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ku- kun /kun/ (it) learns	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ- Else: Prefix ʧau̯- cun /ʧun/ (it) learned	Prefix pe- peun /ˈpeun/ (it) learned (long ago)
1st plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix h- Else: Prefix hu- hun /hun/ (we) learn	Prefix ba- baun /ˈbaun/ (we) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix ju- yun /jun/ (we) learned (long ago)
2nd plural	Prefix a- aun /ˈaun/ (you all) learn	Prefix we- weun /ˈweun/ (you all) learned	Prefix sau̯- sauun /ˈsau̯un/ (you all) learned (long ago)
3rd plural masc	Prefix o- oun /ˈoun/ (they) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi- mun /mun/ (they) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix su- sun /sun/ (they) learned (long ago)
3rd plural fem	Prefix tri- triun /ˈtriun/ (they) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix gr- Else: Prefix grau̯- grun /grun/ (they) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix fr- Else: Prefix fra- frun /frun/ (they) learned (long ago)
3rd plural neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix la- lun /lun/ (they) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix pl- Else: Prefix plo- plun /plun/ (they) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pe- pun /pun/ (they) learned (long ago)

Jaullish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ʧa - ca un /ʧa un/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Jaullish uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: plop - plop un /plop un/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Jaullish uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

Prefix au̯- auun /ˈau̯un/ learns

Numbers

Jaullish has a base-10 number system:
1 - bai 2 - gi 3 - fro 4 - e 5 - wai 6 - shund 7 - stah 8 - stargu 9 - ja 10 - bill 11 - billbai “ten-one” 100 - trau “hundred” 101 - trau bau bai “hundred and one” 200 - gi trau 1000 - mor “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix pai̯- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɲ- Else: Prefix ɲe- Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ- Else: Prefix ʧu- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ha- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ- Else: Prefix ʧai̯- Noun to verb = Prefix mo- Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix pu- Tending to = Prefix kau̯- Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ki- Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix po- One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix e- Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix tr- Else: Prefix tro- Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix ni- Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix fr- Else: Prefix frai̯-

Dictionary

4554 Words.