Miʻlan/Orc

a language spoken by most orcs.

Natively known as: miʻla /ˈmiʕla/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
tan sull sī aţism junţī shāk tan simmi khūsm sī ţur bīf udu
Pronunciation: /tan sull siː ˈatˤism ˈʤuntˤiː ʃaːk tan ˈsimmi xuːsm siː tˤur biːf ˈudu/
Miʻlan word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d dˤ f h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ θ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Stop	b			t tˤ d dˤ			k	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative		f	θ ð ðˤ	s sˤ z	ʃ		x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a aː i iː u uː

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʔ	’
θ	th
j	y
ʤ	j
x	kh
ð	dh
ʃ	sh
sˤ	ş
dˤ	ḑ
tˤ	ţ
ʕ	ʻ
ɣ	gh
ħ	ḩ
aː	ā
iː	ī
uː	ū

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have six cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man is in town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix ʻiru /ˈʕiru/ dog (doing the verb)	Suffix -iː ʻiruī /ʕiˈruiː/ dogs (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -uː ʻiruū /ʕiˈruuː/ (verb done to) the/a dog	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -uːr ʻirur /ˈʕirur/ (verb done to) dogs
Genitive	Suffix -ab ʻiruab /ʕiˈruab/ dogʼs	If ends with vowel: Suffix -fl Else: Suffix -aːfl ʻirufl /ˈʕirufl/ dogsʼ
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -un ʻirun /ˈʕirun/ to the/a dog	Suffix -i ʻirui /ʕiˈrui/ to dogs
Locative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʔ Else: Suffix -iʔ ʻiru’ /ˈʕiruʔ/ near/at/by the/a dog	Suffix -aː ʻiruā /ʕiˈruaː/ near/at/by dogs
Ablative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʕ Else: Suffix -iʕ ʻiruʻ /ˈʕiruʕ/ from the/a dog	Suffix -id ʻiruid /ʕiˈruid/ from dogs

Articles

Miʻlan has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative
1st singular	ḩī /ħiː/ I	sā /saː/ me	mī /miː/ mine	ţan /tˤan/ to me	tāsm /taːsm/ to me	ḑū /dˤuː/ from me
2nd singular	’u /ʔu/ you	qā /qaː/ you	khu /xu/ yours	mā /maː/ to you	la /la/ to you	ghī /ɣiː/ from you
3rd singular masc	sull /sull/ he, it (masc)	sī /siː/ his, it (masc)	māsm /maːsm/ his, its (masc)	nuq /nuq/ to his, to it (masc)	qī /qiː/ to his, to it (masc)	mu /mu/ from his, from it (masc)
3rd singular fem	gha /ɣa/ she, it (fem)	wā /waː/ her, it (fem)	ma /ma/ hers, its (fem)	hū /huː/ to her, to it (fem)	qa /qa/ to her, to it (fem)	si /si/ from her, from it (fem)
1st plural	wū /wuː/ we	kha /xa/ us	zīsm /ziːsm/ ours	fīn /fiːn/ to us	şī /sˤiː/ to us	’a /ʔa/ from us
2nd plural	zīs /ziːs/ you all	khāʻ /xaːʕ/ you all	’īb /ʔiːb/ yours (pl)	ḑa /dˤa/ to you all	yu /ju/ to you all	ʻū /ʕuː/ from you all
3rd plural	sha /ʃa/ they	dā /daː/ them	ţa /tˤa/ theirs	qārḑ /qaːrdˤ/ to them	kūs /kuːs/ to them	qin /qin/ from them

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	mī /miː/ my
2nd singular	khu /xu/ your
3rd singular masc	sī /siː/ his
3rd singular fem	ma /ma/ her
1st plural	zīsm /ziːsm/ our
2nd plural	’īb /ʔiːb/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ţa /tˤa/ their

Verbs

1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -uːl akul /ˈakul/ (I) learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ll Else: Suffix -uːll akull /ˈakull/ (you) learn
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -jj Else: Suffix -aːjj akuyy /ˈakujj/ (he/she/it) learns
1st plural	Suffix -i akui /aˈkui/ (we) learn
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -iːf akuf /ˈakuf/ (you all) learn
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -hu Else: Suffix -ahu akuhu /aˈkuhu/ (they) learn

Miʻlan uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ʃuː - shū aku /ʃuː ˈaku/ learned

Miʻlan uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: qaː - qā aku /qaː ˈaku/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Miʻlan uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

Suffix -aːb akuāb /aˈkuaːb/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Miʻlan uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: taːd - tād aku /taːd ˈaku/ learns

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Miʻlan uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -sm Else: Suffix -iːsm akusm /ˈakusm/ have learned

Numbers

Miʻlan has a base-20 number system:
1 - fū
2 - ā
3 - hi
4 - na
5 - mu
6 - yī
7 - ʻu
8 - dad
9 - shān
10 - ţu
11 - ghu
12 - dhuʻ
13 - nuwa
14 - jūndhal
15 - khā
16 - qu
17 - jī
18 - qūʻi
19 - kīq
20 - si
400 - nād
8000 - khī

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -q
Else: Suffix -iq
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -a
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -a
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -baː
Else: Suffix -ibaː
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -u
Noun to verb = Suffix -iːw
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -aː
Tending to = Suffix -ur
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʕ
Else: Suffix -aːʕ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -maː
Else: Suffix -aːmaː
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -θa
Else: Suffix -uθa
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -a
Diminutive = Suffix -iq
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -iːn

Dictionary

3068 Words.