Sośyan/Bugbear
a language spoken by most bugbears and arakockra.
yā sa kri mīrērdḥī sa thea yā rē sa gacē brogli di ichino
Pronunciation: /jɑː sɐ kri miːˈreːrd̪̤iː sɐ ˈt̪ʰeɐ jɑː reː sɐ ˈgɐʧeː ˈbrogli d̪i iˈʧʰino/
Sośyan word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: e eː i iː o u uː ɐ ɑː
Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ? Spelling rules:
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?
Uses of definite article that differ from English:
Sośyan uses a standalone particle word for progressive:
Sośyan uses an affix for habitual:
2 - cī
3 - ge
4 - tā
5 - yū
6 - ī
7 - bri
8 - yo
9 - phu
10 - svi
100 - śrase
1000 - phi
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʤɑː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix liː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ʤo-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix b̤i-
Noun to verb = Prefix sriː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix b̤e-
Tending to = Prefix t̪uː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix pʰɐ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix sriː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix svɑː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɦɑː-
Diminutive = Prefix vjiː-
Augmentative = Prefix re-
Natively known as: sośya /ˈsoʃjɐ/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...yā sa kri mīrērdḥī sa thea yā rē sa gacē brogli di ichino
Pronunciation: /jɑː sɐ kri miːˈreːrd̪̤iː sɐ ˈt̪ʰeɐ jɑː reː sɐ ˈgɐʧeː ˈbrogli d̪i iˈʧʰino/
Sośyan word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ g g̤ h j k kʰ l m n p pʰ r s t̪ t̪ʰ v w ɖ ɖ̤ ɦ ɲ ɳ ʂ ʃ ʈ ʈʰ ʤ ʧ ʧʰ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | |||||
Stop | p pʰ b̤ b | t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪̤ | ʈ ʈʰ ɖ̤ ɖ | k kʰ g g̤ | |||||
Affricate | ʧ ʧʰ ʤ | ||||||||
Fricative | v | s | ʃ | ʂ | h ɦ | ||||
Approximant | j | ||||||||
Trill | r | ||||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | iː i | u uː | |
High-mid | e eː | o | |
Near-low | ɐ | ||
Low | ɑː |
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ? Spelling rules:
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
b̤ | bh |
d̪̤ | dh |
d̪ | d |
j | y |
ʤ | j |
ɖ̤ | ḍh |
ɖ | ḍ |
g̤ | gh |
h | ḥ |
ɦ | h |
kʰ | kh |
ɲ | ñ |
ɳ | ṇ |
pʰ | ph |
ʂ | ṣ |
t̪ʰ | th |
t̪ | t |
ʃ | ś |
ʧʰ | ch |
ʧ | c |
ʈʰ | ṭh |
ʈ | ṭ |
ɐ | a |
ɑː | ā |
iː | ī |
uː | ū |
eː | ē |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?
Nouns
Singular | No affix lavī /ˈlɐviː/ dog |
Plural | Reduplicate last part of last syllable lavīī /lɐˈviːiː/ dogs |
Articles
Definite | sū /suː/ the |
Indefinite | lī /liː/ a, some |
- Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
- Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
- Used with place names: ‘The London’
Pronouns
1st singular | stē /st̪eː/ I, me, mine |
2nd singular | ū /uː/ you, yours |
3rd singular masc | sa /sɐ/ he, him, his, it (masc), its (masc) |
3rd singular fem | ro /ro/ she, her, hers, it (fem), its (fem) |
1st plural | yī /jiː/ we, us, ours |
2nd plural | ḍḥē /ɖ̤eː/ you all, yours (pl) |
3rd plural | ki /ki/ they, them, theirs |
Possessive determiners
Possessive | |
---|---|
1st singular | stē /st̪eː/ my |
2nd singular | ū /uː/ your |
3rd singular masc | sa /sɐ/ his |
3rd singular fem | ro /ro/ her |
1st plural | yī /jiː/ our |
2nd plural | ḍḥē /ɖ̤eː/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | ki /ki/ their |
Verbs
Present | No affix ḍḥī /ɖ̤iː/ learn |
Past | Prefix ʤi- jiḍḥī /ˈʤiɖ̤iː/ learned |
Future | Prefix kjɐ- kyaḍḥī /ˈkjɐɖ̤iː/ will learn |
Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.Sośyan uses a standalone particle word for progressive:
Progressive | Particle before the verb: siː - sī ḍḥī /siː ɖ̤iː/ is learning |
Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).Sośyan uses an affix for habitual:
Habitual | Prefix d̪vo- dvoḍḥī /ˈd̪voɖ̤iː/ learns |
Numbers
Sośyan has a base-10 number system: 1 - hī2 - cī
3 - ge
4 - tā
5 - yū
6 - ī
7 - bri
8 - yo
9 - phu
10 - svi
100 - śrase
1000 - phi
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix b̤u-Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʤɑː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix liː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ʤo-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix b̤i-
Noun to verb = Prefix sriː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix b̤e-
Tending to = Prefix t̪uː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix pʰɐ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix sriː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix svɑː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɦɑː-
Diminutive = Prefix vjiː-
Augmentative = Prefix re-
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