Old Iritan

Natively known as: Durbsty /dɜːbsˈtiː/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
sai ems a shorn eths fans sai shaned i a strak pis scro
Pronunciation: /saɪ ɛmz ɑ ʃɔːn ɛθs fænz saɪ ʃɑːnt iː ɑ stɹɑːk pɪs skɹoʊ/
Durbstyian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɡ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k ɡ
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ iː oʊ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ ɔː ɛ ɛə ɜː ɪ ɪə ʊ ʊə ʌ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɹ, d, dɹ, f, fl, fɹ, h, j, k, kl, kw, kɹ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɹ, s, sk, skw, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spl, spɹ, st, stɹ, sw, t, th, tw, tɹ, v, w, ð, ɡ, ɡl, ɡɹ, ɹ, ʃ, ʃɹ, ʍ, ʤ, ʧ, θ, θɹ
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɡ, dɡɹ, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɡɹ, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɡ, lɡɹ, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɡ, nɡɹ, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sɡ, sɡɹ, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ŋɡ, ŋɡj, ŋɡl, ŋɡw, ŋɡɹ, ɡ, ɡj, ɡl, ɡm, ɡn, ɡz, ɡɹ, ɡʤ, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹɡ, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ
Word final consonants: b, bd, bl, bz, d, dst, dz, f, fs, ft, k, ks, kst, kt, kts, l, ld, ldz, lf, lk, lm, ls, lt, lts, lv, lvd, lvz, lz, lθ, m, md, mp, mps, mpt, mz, n, nd, ndz, ns, nst, nt, nts, nz, nʤ, nʤd, nʧ, nθ, p, ps, pt, r, rm, s, sk, sp, spt, st, sts, t, ts, v, vd, vz, z, zd, ð, ðz, ŋ, ŋd, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋz, ɡ, ɡd, ɡz, ɹ, ɹd, ɹdz, ɹk, ɹks, ɹkt, ɹm, ɹmd, ɹmz, ɹn, ɹnd, ɹs, ɹst, ɹt, ɹts, ɹz, ɹʃ, ɹʧt, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃt, ʤ, ʤd, ʧ, ʧt, θ, θs
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• r → rː / _N
• k → t / _l
• s → n / #_
• b → pʰ / _{l,r}
• v → b / _r
• h → ʔ / #_
• d → Ø / _n
• k → c / V_V

How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
kt#	cked
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊ(C)	o1e
uː(C)#	u1e
eɪ(C)#	a1e
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋɡ	ng
ŋk	nk
ɡ	g
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
(Cz,s}#	1s
z#	s
(C)ju	1u
cc	ck
c#	k
(Ct,d}#	1ed
aʊ#	ow
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
ɪə	ear
ɪ#	y
ɪ	i
ji	yi
j	y
iː#	y
yy#	yi
#y#	i
ʌ	u
iː	ee
oʊ	o
ʊ	oo
ɛ	e
ɑː?	a
æ(t,l,s,z)#	a11
æ	a
#ʤ	j
ʤ#	ge
ʤ	dg
ɜː	ur
ɔː	or
uː	u
quur	quir
eə	ere

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nominative	No affix yezids /jɛˈzɪdz/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
Accusative	Prefix wɑː- wayezids /wɑːˈjɛzɪdz/ (verb done to) doɡ
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix dɹ- Else: Prefix dɹæ- drayezids /dɹæˈjɛzɪdz/ doɡʼs
Dative	Prefix sleɪ- sleiyezids /sleɪjɛˈzɪdz/ to (the/a) doɡ
Locative	If starts with vowel: Prefix kl- Else: Prefix klɪ- cliyezids /klɪˈjɛzɪdz/ near/at/by (the/a) doɡ
Ablative	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɹ- Else: Prefix ɹɔː- roryezids /ɹɔːˈjɛzɪdz/ from (the/a) doɡ
Instrumental	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃɹ- Else: Prefix ʃɹaʊ- shrouyezids /ʃɹaʊjɛˈzɪdz/ with/usinɡ (the/a) doɡ

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	If starts with vowel: Prefix fl- Else: Prefix floʊ- flomoi /ˈfloʊmɔɪ/ man	Prefix stɹɑː- stramoi /stɹɑːˈmɔɪ/ men
Feminine	Prefix pɛ- pero /ˈpɛɹoʊ/ woman	Prefix aɪ- airo /aɪˈɹoʊ/ women
Neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix viː- veeyezids /viːjɛˈzɪdz/ doɡ	Prefix ʃɑː- shayezids /ʃɑːjɛˈzɪdz/ doɡs

Articles

Definite	traingd /tɹaɪŋd/ the
Indefinite	ja /ʤɑ/ a, some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative	Instrumental
1st singular	lungd /luːŋd/ I	ou /aʊ/ me	o /oʊ/ mine	neb /nɛb/ to me	blere /blɛə/ at me	fluve /fluːv/ from me	gudge /ɡuːʤ/ with/using me
2nd singular	tear /tɪə/ you (masc)	am /ɑm/ you	sashed /sæʃt/ yours	kech /kɛʧ/ to you	la /lɑ/ at you	ear /ɪə/ from you	scrulk /skɹuːlk/ with/using you
3rd singular masc	ems /ɛmz/ he	i /iː/ him	snor /snɔː/ his	or /ɔː/ to him	kei /keɪ/ at him	hor /hɔː/ from him	sals /sælz/ with/using him
3rd singular fem	shor /ʃɔː/ she	falds /fældz/ her	go /ɡoʊ/ hers	terelm /tɛəlm/ to her	drarm /dɹæɹm/ at her	stei /steɪ/ from her	wou /waʊ/ with/using her
3rd singular neut	scrurm /skɹuːrm/ it	ed /ɛd/ it	runge /ɹuːnʤ/ its	grear /ɡɹɪə/ to it	thai /thaɪ/ at it	scrorks /skɹoʊɹks/ from it	ourk /aʊɹk/ with/using it
1st plural	twag /twɑɡ/ we	lulk /luːlk/ us	waned /wɑːnd/ ours	flucts /fluːkts/ to us	sared /sæɹd/ at us	moists /mɔɪsts/ from us	dear /dɪə/ with/using us
2nd plural	brurcked /bɹɜːkt/ you all	sa /sɑ/ you all	ai /aɪ/ yours (pl)	oir /ɔɪr/ to you all	fluthe /fluːð/ at you all	ei /eɪ/ from you all	sai /saɪ/ with/using you all
3rd plural masc	blear /blɪə/ they (masc)	trai /tɹaɪ/ them (masc)	twa /twɑ/ theirs (masc)	sly /sliː/ to them (masc)	urnts /ɜːnts/ at them (masc)	frai /fɹaɪ/ from them (masc)	scro /skɹoʊ/ with/using them (masc)
3rd plural fem	scor /skɔː/ they (fem)	bei /beɪ/ them (fem)	ky /kiː/ theirs (fem)	trairts /tɹaɪɹts/ to them (fem)	sty /stiː/ at them (fem)	pests /pɛsts/ from them (fem)	oidsed /ɔɪdst/ with/using them (fem)
3rd plural neut	feised /feɪst/ they (neut)	brourms /bɹaʊɹmz/ them (neut)	oised /ɔɪst/ theirs (neut)	ounth /aʊnθ/ to them (neut)	keth /kɛð/ at them (neut)	sho /ʃoʊ/ from them (neut)	ens /ɛnz/ with/using them (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	grear /ɡɹɪə/ my
2nd singular	ants /ænts/ your
3rd singular masc	a /ɑ/ his
3rd singular fem	urped /ɜːpt/ her
3rd singular neut	emped /ɛmpt/ its
1st plural	ear /ɪə/ our
2nd plural	sai /saɪ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	smaled /smæld/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	sei /seɪ/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	rans /ɹɑns/ their (neut)

Verbs

Present	No affix wurnbeth /ˈwɜːnbɛθ/ learn
Past	Prefix ɡuː- guwurnbeth /ɡuːˈwɜːnbɛθ/ learned
Future	Prefix aʊ- ouwurnbeth /aʊwɜːnˈbɛθ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Durbstyian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If starts with vowel: Prefix pl- Else: Prefix plɑ- plawurnbeth /plɑˈwɜːnbɛθ/ learns/is learninɡ

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Durbstyian uses the word for ‘already’ proir for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Durbstyian has a base-10 number system:
1 - vy
2 - pedged
3 - ouksed
4 - trall
5 - wou
6 - drei
7 - smarts
8 - enks
9 - i
10 - irsh
11 - irsh sai vy “ten and one”
100 - gak “hundred”
101 - gak sai vy “hundred and one”
200 - pedged gak
1000 - eif “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix pɹ-
Else: Prefix pɹɔɪ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix stɹɜː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix iː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix bl-
Else: Prefix blɛə-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix pɛ-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix kɛ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix skɹuː-
Tending to = Prefix ɪə-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix dɪə-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix sliː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ʍɑː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɜː-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix spl-
Else: Prefix splɪə-
Augmentative = Prefix ʌ-

Dictionary

4563 Words.

Common Female Names

• Thooms /θʊmz/
• Yem /jɛm/ 
• Sailm /saɪlm/ 
• Wurn /wɜːn/ 
• Quiv /kwɪv/ 
• Hos /hoʊz/
• Thointh /ðɔɪnθ/
• Steised /steɪst/
• Shangk /ʃɑːŋk/
• Stroundaith /ˈstɹaʊndaɪð/

Common Male Names

• Equarm /ˈɛkwærm/ 
• Choish /ʧɔɪʃ/ 
• Ugs /uːɡz/ 
• Twarcked /twɑɹkt/ 
• Bestorl /ˈbɛstɔːl/
• Pilf /pɪlf/
• Ams /æmz/
• Cherengs /ʧɛəŋz/
• Kezed /kɛzd/
• Proisp /pɹɔɪsp/

Common Unisex Names

• Peng /pɛŋ/ 
• Erened /ɛənd/ 
• Strurfs /stɹɜːfs/ 
• Twams /twɑmz/ 
• Nins /nɪns/ 
• Tramprurlds /tɹæmˈpɹɜːldz/ 
• Shamps /ʃɑːmps/ 
• Veved /vɛvd/ 
• Dooled /dʊld/ 
• Keened /kiːnd/