Spirit Tongue

Natively known as: Pāupao /ˈpaːupao/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
me lō mauʻai imo lō kunīwa me kela lō woia laumāuma muwāupī nā
Pronunciation: /me loː ˈmauʔai ˈimo loː ˈkuniːʋa me ˈkela loː ˈʋoia ˈlaumaːuma ˈmuʋaːupiː naː/
Pāupaoian word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /h k l m n p ʋ ʔ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p			k	ʔ
Fricative					h
Approximant		ʋ
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: /a ae ai ao au aː aːi aːu e eː i iː o oi ou oː u uː/
Diphthongs: ae, ai, ao, au, aːi, aːu, oi, ou

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: h, k, l, m, n, p, ʋ, ʔ
Mid-word consonants: h, k, l, m, n, p, ʋ, ʔ
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• oː → uː / _#
• o → u / _#
• k → Ø / V_V
• p → v / Vn_
• eN → ı̃ / _#
• k → h / _#
• N → ŋ / _#
• l → r / V_V
• u → o / _Ca
• u → Ø / _o
• a → Ø / _u
• N → h / _S

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aː	ā
eː	ē
iː	ī
oː	ō
uː	ū
ʋ	w
ʔ	ʻ

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Singular	No affix meno /ˈmeno/ dog
Plural	Prefix ka- kameno /ˈkameno/ dogs

Articles

Definite	pī /piː/ the
Indefinite	nu /nu/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	a /a/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ka /ka/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	lō /loː/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	mae /mae/ she, her, hers
1st plural inclusive	i /i/ we, us, ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	kē /keː/ we, us, ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	ni /ni/ you (all), yours
3rd plural	pa /pa/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	a /a/ my
2nd singular	ka /ka/ your
3rd singular masc	lō /loː/ his
3rd singular fem	mae /mae/ her
1st plural inclusive	i /i/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	i /i/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	ka /ka/ your
3rd plural	pa /pa/ their

Verbs

1st singular	Prefix koi- koimāupu /ˈkoimaːupu/
2nd singular	Prefix ni- nimāupu /ˈnimaːupu/
3rd singular masc	Prefix ho- homāupu /ˈhomaːupu/
3rd singular fem	Prefix he- hemāupu /ˈhemaːupu/
1st plural inclusive	Prefix ko- komāupu /ˈkomaːupu/
1st plural exclusive	Prefix ku- kumāupu /ˈkumaːupu/
2nd plural	Prefix ʋaːi- wāimāupu /ˈʋaːimaːupu/
3rd plural	Prefix maːu- māumāupu /ˈmaːumaːupu/

Pāupaoian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	he /he/ past particle

Pāupaoian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

mo /mo/ will

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).
Pāupaoian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix ka- kamāupu /ˈkamaːupu/ is studying

Numbers

Pāupaoian has a base-10 number system:

• 1 - lē
• 2 - kae
• 3 - ne
• 4 - ai
• 5 - mae
• 6 - no
• 7 - kō
• 8 - wī
• 9 - nauʻa
• 10 - ʻao
• 11 - ʻaolē “ten-one”
• 100 - lē laukū “one hundred”
• 101 - lē laukū lē “one hundred one”
• 200 - kae laukū
• 1000 - lē ilē “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix kai-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix piː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix hai-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ka-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ka-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix pa-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʔou-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix laː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix pi-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix kiː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix kuː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix kau-
Diminutive = Prefix ho-
Augmentative = Prefix lau-

Geographical Distribution

The Spirit Tongue is the language spoken by primal spirits whenever they feel the need to verbalize with a sentient. Thus, it is heard across Hillit.

Dictionary

4343 Words.

Common Female Names

• Wāukāimū /ˈʋaːukaːimuː/
• Maulouhu /ˈmaulouhu/
• Kaekaolo /ˈkaekaolo/
• Pāuʻau /ˈpaːuʔau/
• Māulāukō /ˈmaːulaːukoː/
• Wāuʻāuwao /ˈʋaːuʔaːuʋao/
• Maunounī /ˈmaunouniː/
• Lauʻāinao /ˈlauʔaːinao/
• Kinoumai /ˈkinoumai/
• Ipīwo /ˈipiːʋo/

Common Male Names

• Waekē /ˈʋaekeː/
• Kāupae /ˈkaːupae/
• Maeʻīʻa /ˈmaeʔiːʔa/
• ʻāunīni /ˈʔaːuniːni/
• Iwāilāu /ˈiʋaːilaːu/
• Lulāulu /ˈlulaːulu/
• Huwāinē /ˈhuʋaːineː/
• Kāulouʻai /ˈkaːulouʔai/
• Luwoi /ˈluʋoi/
• Pāuʻau /ˈpaːuʔau/

Common Unisex Names

• Maumounou /ˈmaumounou/
• Pilīni /ˈpiliːni/
• ʻaewae /ˈʔaeʋae/
• Kināiwi /ˈkinaːiʋi/
• Maukae /ˈmaukae/
• Lauwāipī /ˈlauʋaːipiː/
• ʻāukāinē /ˈʔaːukaːineː/
• ʻāuwao /ˈʔaːuʋao/
• Wāumu /ˈʋaːumu/
• Pāumāuma /ˈpaːumaːuma/