Stivayian

Natively known as: Stivay /ˈstivaj/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
a zir if hud pe kotz a ziyuylo pe whokna khafsha kla ziyuylo
Pronunciation: /a ziʁ if hud pe koʦ a ziˈjujlo pe ˈwhokna ˈχafʃa kla ziˈjujlo/
Stivayian word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w x z ʁ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʦ χ/

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↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g				Ê”
Affricate			ʦ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ		x		χ ʁ		h
Approximant					j		w		Ê•
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/

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	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bn, d, dv, g, h, j, k, kl, km, kv, l, m, n, p, s, st, t, tm, wh, z, zm, ʁ, ʃ, ʔ, ʦ, χ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, f, fʃ, g, gm, h, j, jf, jl, k, kn, kʁ, l, lm, m, mh, mk, mn, mʁ, mʔ, mʦ, n, nχʁ, p, s, sχ, t, ts, tʁ, v, vχ, x, z, zd, ʁ, ʁb, ʃ, ʃb, ʃl, ʃm, ʃp, ʃt, ʔ, ʕ, ʦ, χ, χn, χt
Word final consonants: d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, s, t, v, ʁ, ʃ, ʔ, ʦ, χ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• d → Ø / _#
• j → ʝː / V_V
• m → w / #_
• s → t / _#
• {p,t} → [+voice] / V_V
• N → n / _{d,l}
• k → ʧ / _i
• s → h / V_V

Spelling rules:

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Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
ʁ	r
ʃ	sh
Ê”	'
ʦ	tz
χ	kh

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Noun

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Singular	No affix semri /ˈsemʁi/
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -la Else: Suffix -ala semrila /semˈʁila/

Articles

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Definite	ah /ah/ the
Indefinite	bof /bof/ a, some

Pronouns

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1st singular	'i /ʔi/ I, me
2nd singular	kha /χa/ you
3rd singular masc	zir /ziʁ/ he, him, it
3rd singular fem	e /e/ she, her, it
1st plural	ko /ko/ we, us
2nd plural	'e /ʔe/ you (all)
3rd plural	dva /dva/ they, them

Possessive determiners

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1st singular	sha /ʃa/ my
2nd singular	whof /whof/ your
3rd singular masc	pe /pe/ his, its
3rd singular fem	bot /bot/ her, its
1st plural	dva /dva/ our
2nd plural	yo /jo/ your
3rd plural	ke /ke/ their

Verbs

Future tense is indicated with the word:
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Future particle

whod /whod/ future tense particle

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	Present	Past
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -ej koney /ˈkonej/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -zdi Else: Suffix -azdi konezdi /koˈnezdi/
2nd singular	If starts with vowel: Prefix op- Else: Prefix ope- opekone /ˌopeˈkone/	Prefix a- akone /aˈkone/
3rd singular masc	Suffix -ej koneey /koˈneej/	Suffix -aʁ konear /koˈneaʁ/
3rd singular fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -of konef /ˈkonef/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁbu Else: Suffix -iʁbu konerbu /koˈneʁbu/
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -uf konef /ˈkonef/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nχʁa Else: Suffix -enχʁa konenkhra /koˈnenχʁa/
2nd plural	Suffix -ut koneut /koˈneut/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -uk konek /ˈkonek/
3rd plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʁ- Else: Prefix ʁe- rekone /ʁeˈkone/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃe Else: Suffix -eʃe koneshe /koˈneʃe/

Perfect aspect

Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
In Stivayian, the perfect is constructed with an affix
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Perfect

Suffix -ul koneul /koˈneul/

Numbers

Stivayian has a base-10 number system:

1 - hu
2 - stim'a
3 - may
4 - se
5 - no
6 - pan
7 - tmol
8 - da
9 - kir
10 - mash
11 - mashhu “ten-one”
100 - hu tzoʕe “one hundred”
101 - hu tzoʕe hu “one hundred one”
200 - stim'a tzoʕe
1000 - hu dvugas “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -zdi
Else: Suffix -azdi
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -i
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -iv
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -uv
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -aʔ
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Suffix -ef
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -ov
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ
Else: Suffix -aʃ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -uv
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃlo
Else: Suffix -iʃlo
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix bnu-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ul
Diminutive = Suffix -e
Augmentative = Prefix a-

Dictionary

4337 Words.