Ágsåian

Natively known as: ágså /ɶgˈsɑ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
må åd thœ káp gá n̥uppád må ůpsůl gá œs wá
Pronunciation: /mɑ ɑd ðœ kɶp gɶ n̥ɜpˈpɶd mɑ ʉpˈsʉl gɶ œs ʍɶ /
Ágsåian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h̤ j k l m n̥ p r s t w̤ x ð ŋ ɣ ɲ ɸ ɾ ʍ ʔ̤ ʦ ʧ β ꞎ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n̥			ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p b			t d				k g	ʔ̤
Affricate				ʦ	ʧ
Fricative	ɸ β	f	ð	s				ɣ x	h̤
Approximant							j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral fricative						ꞎ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ w̤

Vowel inventory: a i o œ ɑ ɛ ɜ ɪ ɶ ʉ

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ʉ
Near-high	ɪ
High-mid			o
Low-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ
Low	a ɶ		ɑ

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛ	e
ɑ	å
ɜ	u
ʉ	ů
ɶ	á
ɪ	i̊
ɾ	r̊
ð	th
j	y
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ɸ	ph
ɲ	n
ʦ	ts
β	v
ʍ	w
x	kh
ɣ	gh

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Nominative	Prefix ɑ-
Accusative	Prefix ʔ̤ɜ-
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix la-

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mɑ-	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ̤- Else: Prefix ʔ̤ɛ-
Feminine	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɸ- Else: Prefix ɸɛ-	Prefix h̤i-
Neuter	Prefix mɜ-	Prefix mɪ-

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	gher̊ /ɣɛɾ/ the	nœ /ɲœ/ a
Plural	så /sɑ/ the	w̤e /w̤ɛ/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st singular	ꞎa /ꞎa/ I	fiw /fiʍ/ me	tha /ða/ mine
2nd singular	må /mɑ/ you	khi /xi/ you	ghu /ɣɜ/ yours
3rd singular masc	åd /ɑd/ he, it (masc)	mákh /mɶx/ his, it (masc)	pœph /pœɸ/ his, its (masc)
3rd singular fem	khoch /xoʧ/ she, it (fem)	vuʔ̤ /βɜʔ̤/ her, it (fem)	ni̊b /ɲɪb/ hers, its (fem)
3rd singular neuter	ik /ik/ it (neut)	i̊m /ɪm/ it (neut)	ꞎå /ꞎɑ/ its (neut)
1st plural	ki /ki/ we	van /βaɲ/ us	thå /ðɑ/ ours
2nd plural	w̤e /w̤ɛ/ you all	tsœ /ʦœ/ you all	tuw̤ /tɜw̤/ yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	můp /mʉp/ they (masc)	won /ʍoɲ/ them (masc)	n̥i̊ /n̥ɪ/ theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	tå /tɑ/ they (fem)	lå /lɑ/ them (fem)	fi /fi/ theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuter	meʔ̤ /mɛʔ̤/ they (neut)	mo /mo/ them (neut)	mi̊w̤ /mɪw̤/ theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	påp /pɑp/ my
2nd singular	å /ɑ/ your
3rd singular masc	gá /gɶ/ his
3rd singular fem	ghed /ɣɛd/ her
3rd singular neuter	phem /ɸɛm/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural	re /rɛ/ our
2nd plural	fom /fom/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	i̊kh /ɪx/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	nu /ɲɜ/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	ꞎå /ꞎɑ/ their (neut)

Verbs

	Present	Past
Singular	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɣ- Else: Prefix ɣɜ- ghukughyåꞎ /ɣɜˈkɜɣjɑꞎ/ (I/you/he/she/it) learn(s)	Prefix βɪ- vi̊kughyåꞎ /βɪˈkɜɣjɑꞎ/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɜ- sukughyåꞎ /sɜˈkɜɣjɑꞎ/ (we/you all/they) learn	Prefix ɑ- åkughyåꞎ /ɑˈkɜɣjɑꞎ/ (we/you all/they) learned

Ágsåian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: βa - va kughyåꞎ /βa kɜˈɣjɑꞎ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Ágsåian uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: ɸœw̤ - phœw̤ kughyåꞎ /ɸœw̤ kɜˈɣjɑꞎ/ learn

Numbers

Ágsåian has a base-10 number system:
1 - mak
2 - ꞎum
3 - up
4 - pů
5 - si̊kh
6 - h̤i
7 - phœsyåd
8 - solpa
9 - tsásya
10 - siʔ̤
100 - neh̤
1000 - dåk

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ɑ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gɑ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gɜ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦ-
Else: Prefix ʦɪ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ɸo-
Noun to verb = Prefix a-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʉ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɪɾ-
Else: Prefix ɪɾɪ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɣ-
Else: Prefix ɣɛ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʉk-
Else: Prefix ʉkɑ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-
Else: Prefix ri-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n̥-
Else: Prefix n̥ɑ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɣ-
Else: Prefix ɣɜ-
Augmentative = Prefix pɶ-

Dictionary

3056 Words.