Vɾún

Natively known as: vɾún /vɾuːn/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
mdau dʒei nei snɤf að ʤi mdau dʒi grɞt nei ais ʑɤ wɞvvʌ
Pronunciation: /mdaʊ̯ dʒɛ nɛ snɤf að ʤi mdaʊ̯ dʒɪ grɞt nɛ aɪ̯ʃ ʑɤ ˈwɞvvʌ/
Vɾún word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned...
First developed upon the steppes of Baruilden, Vɾún is an old language spoken by nearly an entire continent. There are many dialects of the language.

Phonology

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k m n q r s t v w ð ŋ ɟ ɰ ɱ ɲ ɻ ɾ ʃ ʋ ʑ ʒ ʣ ʤ ʦ θ ⱱ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m	ɱ		n				ɲ	ŋ
Stop	b			t d				ɟ	k g	q
Affricate				ʦ ʣ	ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s	ʃ ʒ		ʑ				h
Approximant		ʋ				ɻ		j	ɰ
Tap		ⱱ		ɾ
Trill				r

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ i uː æ ɔɪ̯ ɛ ɞ ɤ ɪ ʊ ʌ
Diphthongs: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ ɔɪ̯

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid			ɤ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɞ	ʌ
Near-low	æ
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: advanced

Morphology

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ca	cea
coː	ceo
cu	ciu
kɪ	coi | cai | cui
k	c
h	th
x	ch
ç	ch
ɲ	nn
#n̪ˠ	n
nʲ	n
n̪ˠ	nn
ŋg	ng
ŋ	ng
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
lʲ	l
ɫ	l
ʃa	sea
sˠɪ	sai
sˠi	suí
sˠeː	sao
ʃɔ	seo | sio
ʃo	seo
ʃu	siu
ʃ	s
sˠ	s
tʲu	tiu
tʲ	te / _{a,ɑː}
tʲ	t
t̪ˠoː	teo
t̪ˠɛ	te
t̪ˠ	t
fˠi	faoi
fˠɪ	fui
fˠuː	fiú
fˠ	f
fʲ	f
ɟ	g
ɪ	i
ɑː	á
eːɾˠ	éar
ɾˠ	r
ɾʲ	r
vˠ	bh | mh
vʲ	bh
d̪ˠ	d
dʲ	d
əi	a
eː	é
ɛ	ei
ɔ	o
oː	ó
iː	í
uː	ú
iə	ia
əu	ai
uə	ua
ʊ	u
̯

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɾ-
Else: Prefix ɾa-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix jɤ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ɔɪ̯-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ɞ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ɤ-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ŋ-
Else: Prefix ŋaɪ̯-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix aɪ̯ɻk-
Else: Prefix aɪ̯ɻkuː-
Tending to = Prefix nɞ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix mjɞ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix dʒ-
Else: Prefix dʒæ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix nd-
Else: Prefix nduː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɾ-
Else: Prefix ɾɛ-
Diminutive = Prefix sa-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix aɪ̯kd-
Else: Prefix aɪ̯kdeɪ̯-

Syntax

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have five cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.

Definite

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix dag /dag/ the dog (when doing the verb)	If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɤ- sɤdag /ˈsɤdag/ the dogs (when doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix aʤ- Else: Prefix aʤa- aʤadag /ˈaʤadag/ (verb done to) the dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix vɾ- Else: Prefix vɾʌ- vɾʌdag /ˈvɾʌdag/ (verb done to) the dogs
Genitive	Prefix vɾɪ- vɾidag /ˈvɾɪdag/ the dogʼs	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛʑ- Else: Prefix ɛʑɔɪ̯- eiʑoidag /ˈɛʑɔɪ̯dag/ the dogsʼ
Dative	Prefix ɔɪ̯- oidag /ˈɔɪ̯dag/ to the dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix nj- Else: Prefix njʌ- njʌdag /ˈnjʌdag/ to the dogs
Locative	Prefix eɪ̯- eidag /ˈeɪ̯dag/ near/at/by the dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix da- dadag /ˈdadag/ near/at/by the dogs

Indefinite

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix teɪ̯- teidag /ˈteɪ̯dag/ a dog (when doing the verb)	Prefix aʊ̯- audag /ˈaʊ̯dag/ some dogs (when doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɻ- Else: Prefix ɻa- ɻadag /ˈɻadag/ (verb done to) a dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix aɱ- Else: Prefix aɱæ- aɱædag /ˈaɱædag/ (verb done to) some dogs
Genitive	Prefix ⱱɤ- ⱱɤdag /ˈⱱɤdag/ a dogʼs	Prefix nda- ndadag /ˈndadag/ some dogsʼ
Dative	Prefix i- idag /ˈidag/ to a dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix tʋ- Else: Prefix tʋʊ- tʋudag /ˈtʋʊdag/ to some dogs
Locative	If starts with vowel: Prefix æʑ- Else: Prefix æʑɛ- æʑeidag /ˈæʑɛdag/ near/at/by a dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix sʋ- Else: Prefix sʋa- sʋadag /ˈsʋadag/ near/at/by some dogs

Articles

Vɾún encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative
1st singular	aub /aʊ̯b/ I	dfi /dfi/ me	ʤjiʋ /ʤjɪʋ/ mine	dfai /dfaɪ̯/ to me	ʤei /ʤɛ/ at me
2nd singular	qau /qaʊ̯/ you	win /wɪn/ you	nis /nɪʃ/ yours	ei /eɪ̯/ to you	dʒú /dʒuː/ at you
3rd singular masc	dʒei /dʒɛ/ he, it	eiw /ɛw/ him, it	nei /nɛ/ his, its	ʑús /ʑuːʃ/ to him, at it	ei /ɛ/ at him, at it
3rd singular fem	ji /ji/ she, it	nɤm /nɤm/ her, it	nag /nag/ hers, its	boi /bɔɪ̯/ to her, at it	cjuj /kjʊj/ at her, at it
1st plural	dɞ /dɞ/ we	ɻi /ɻi/ us	bɾúg /bɾuːg/ ours	cseai /kʃaɪ̯/ to us	wav /wav/ at us
2nd plural	cʋaɰ /kʋaɰ/ you all	tthi /thi/ you all	vɾaiɾ /vɾaɪ̯ɾ/ yours (pl)	gæv /gæv/ to you all	a /a/ at you all
3rd plural	vɾɞ /vɾɞ/ they	aⱱ /aⱱ/ them	ngoid /ŋɔɪ̯d/ theirs	groiʦ /grɔɪ̯ʦ/ to them	ai /aɪ̯/ at them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ʤjiʋ /ʤjɪʋ/ my
2nd singular	nis /nɪʃ/ your
3rd singular masc	nei /nɛ/ his
3rd singular fem	nag /nag/ her
1st plural	bɾúg /bɾuːg/ our
2nd plural	vɾaiɾ /vɾaɪ̯ɾ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ngoid /ŋɔɪ̯d/ their

Verbs

Vɾún uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: njɪ - nji tei /njɪ teɪ̯/ learned

Vɾún uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ʤdɪ - ʤdi tei /ʤdɪ teɪ̯/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Vɾún uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix uː- útei /ˈuːteɪ̯/ learns/is learning

Numbers

Vɾún has a base-10 number system:
1 - thu
2 - in
3 - sjæj
4 - dæng
5 - ʦvɤn
6 - sɾɞj
7 - cji
8 - gú
9 - qæ
10 - ʒi
Hundred - tʋaq
Thousand - dri

Dictionary

3062 Words.

Spoken by

• Baruilese