Gnollic

Language of Gnolls

Natively known as: bareu /ˈpaːɾɯ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
u he yeot byan keon ol u yeot wakjaeng kae mweup tu rel
Pronunciation: /uː he jʌt pjan kʌn oːɭ uː jʌt ˈwakʨɛŋ kɛː mwɯːp tu ɾeːɭ/
Bareuian word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: d g h j k kʰ m n p pʰ s t tʰ w ŋ ɭ ɾ ʨ ʨʰ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n				ŋ
Stop	p pʰ	t tʰ d				k kʰ g
Affricate				ʨ ʨʰ
Fricative		s					h
Approximant					j
Tap		ɾ
Lateral approximant			ɭ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː ɛ ɛː ɯ ɯː ʌ

	Front	Back
High	i iː	ɯ ɯː u uː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː	ʌ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
p	b / #_ !_ʰ
pʰ	p
ŋ	ng
ɭ	l
ɾ	r
ʌ	eo
ɯ(ː)	eu
ɛ(ː)	ae
j	y
ː
tʰ	t
kʰ	k
ʨʰ	ch
ʨ	j

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

Definite

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	No affix kaepjongyu /ˈkɛːpʨongju/ the dog (when doing the verb)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -iŋ kaepjongyung /ˈkɛːpʨongjuŋ/ the dogs (when doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -aːk kaepjongyuk /ˈkɛːpʨongjuk/ (verb done to) the dog	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛn kaepjongyun /ˈkɛːpʨongjun/ (verb done to) the dogs
Genitive	Suffix -i kaepjongyui /ˈkɛːpʨonˌgjui/ the dogʼs	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɯk kaepjongyuk /ˈkɛːpʨongjuk/ the dogsʼ
Dative	Suffix -am kaepjongyuam /ˈkɛːpʨonˌgjuam/ to the dog	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -oŋ kaepjongyung /ˈkɛːpʨongjuŋ/ to the dogs

Indefinite

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Suffix -a kaepjongyua /ˈkɛːpʨonˌgjua/ a dog (when doing the verb)	Suffix -ɛːk kaepjongyuaek /ˈkɛːpʨonˌgjuɛːk/ some dogs (when doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -om kaepjongyum /ˈkɛːpʨongjum/ (verb done to) a dog	Suffix -ɯːt kaepjongyueut /ˈkɛːpʨonˌgjuɯːt/ (verb done to) some dogs
Genitive	Suffix -iːŋ kaepjongyuing /ˈkɛːpʨonˌgjuiːŋ/ a dogʼs	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -ɛŋ kaepjongyung /ˈkɛːpʨongjuŋ/ some dogsʼ
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ Else: Suffix -uŋ kaepjongyung /ˈkɛːpʨongjuŋ/ to a dog	Suffix -aːŋ kaepjongyuang /ˈkɛːpʨonˌgjuaːŋ/ to some dogs

Articles

Bareuian encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	myeu /mjɯː/ I	teng /teŋ/ me	mwi /mwiː/ mine	pel /pʰeːɭ/ to me
2nd singular	o /o/ you	nuk /nuk/ you	tael /tʰɛɭ/ yours	kam /kaːm/ to you
3rd singular masc	he /he/ he, it	jeu /ʨɯ/ him, it	yeot /jʌt/ his, its	nyae /njɛː/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	chwe /ʨʰweː/ she, it	ji /ʨi/ her, it	kyak /kjak/ hers, its	hil /hiɭ/ to her, at it
1st plural	sol /soɭ/ we	keung /kɯːŋ/ us	u /u/ ours	kwat /kwat/ to us
2nd plural	so /soː/ you all	pup /pʰup/ you all	teu /tɯ/ yours (pl)	ik /ik/ to you all
3rd plural	keu /kɯ/ they	kwu /kwuː/ them	ju /ʨuː/ theirs	et /eːt/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	mwi /mwiː/ my
2nd singular	tael /tʰɛɭ/ your
3rd singular masc	yeot /jʌt/ his
3rd singular fem	kyak /kjak/ her
1st plural	u /u/ our
2nd plural	teu /tɯ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ju /ʨuː/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix seup /sɯp/ learn
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -iːn seupin /ˈsɯpiːn/ learned
Future	Suffix -a seupa /ˈsɯpa/ will learn

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Bareuian uses the word for ‘finish’ kweopok for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Bareuian has a base-10 number system:
1 - sim
2 - ok
3 - jat
4 - nat
5 - hyeu
6 - hyeu
7 - atje
8 - nyu
9 - no
10 - onde
11 - onde u sim “ten and one”
100 - ak “hundred”
101 - ak u sim “hundred and one”
200 - ok ak
1000 - kwan “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -e
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -aː
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -oːk
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -o
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ʌk
Noun to verb = Suffix -o
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
Tending to = Suffix -ot
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -oːp
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ʌk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aŋ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɯt
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ
Else: Suffix -ɯŋ
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ
Else: Suffix -oŋ

Dictionary

4412 Words.

Root Languages

• Abyssal

Spoken by

• Dodra