Natively known as: Ntershölge /ntʰerʃɵɮˈɡe/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
tögsh don xag als don chöbsin tögsh non don ntem büb chuch xas
Pronunciation: /tʰɵɡʃ tɔn xaɡ aɮs tɔn ˈʧɵwsin tʰɵɡʃ nʲɔn tɔn ntʰem bub ʧʰʊʧ xas/
Ntershölgen word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b f j kʰ m n nʲ r s t tʰ w wʲ x xʲ ɡ ɮ ɮʲ ʃ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Palato-alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
| Nasal |
m |
|
n nʲ |
|
|
|
| Stop |
b |
|
tʰ t |
|
|
kʰ ɡ |
| Affricate |
|
|
ʦ ʦʰ |
ʧʰ ʧ |
|
|
| Fricative |
|
f |
s |
ʃ |
|
x xʲ |
| Approximant |
|
|
|
|
j |
|
| Trill |
|
|
r |
|
|
|
| Lateral fricative |
|
|
ɮ ɮʲ |
|
|
|
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Labial-velar |
| Approximant |
w wʲ |
Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɔ ɵ ʊ/
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
| High |
i |
|
u |
| Near-high |
|
|
ʊ |
| High-mid |
e |
ɵ |
|
| Low-mid |
|
|
ɔ |
| Low |
a |
|
|
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, f, j, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, n, ntʰ, nʲ, r, s, t, tʰ, x, ɡ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Mid-word consonants: ff, j, m, mn, ms, mt, mɡ, mʧ, mʧɮ, n, ns, nt, nts, nx, nɡ, nʦʰ, r, rs, rsɡ, rt, rtɮ, rtʰ, rw, rx, rɡ, rɮ, rʃ, rʦʰ, rʧʰ, s, sn, sr, ss, stʰ, sɡ, sɮ, t, tn, tr, tw, tɡ, tɮ, tʰ, tʰɡ, tʰɮ, w, ws, wtʰ, wx, wɮ, wʃ, wʦʰ, wʧʰɮ, x, xn, xt, xɡ, xɮ, ɡ, ɡs, ɡt, ɡts, ɡtʰ, ɡɮ, ɡʃ, ɡʧ, ɮ, ɮb, ɮs, ɮt, ɮtw, ɮtʰ, ɮtʰtʰ, ɮtʰɡ, ɮx, ɮɡ, ɮɮ, ɮʦʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʧʰɮ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦr, ʦʰ, ʦʰs, ʧ, ʧʰ, ʧʰs
Word final consonants: b, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, mʧ, n, nt, nx, r, rt, rtʰ, rʧʰ, s, stʰ, t, tʰ, w, ws, wʧʰ, wʲ, x, xʲ, ɡ, ɡtʰ, ɡʃ, ɡʦʰ, ɡʧ, ɡʧʰ, ɮ, ɮs, ɮtʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʲ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- i → Ø / ʦ_#
- t → ʦ / _i
- t → s / _{n,m}
How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation |
Spelling |
| ɡ |
g |
| w |
b |
| t |
d / !_ʰ |
| tʰ |
t |
| ʧʰ |
ch |
| ʧ |
ch |
| ʦʰ |
c |
| ʦ |
c |
| kʰ |
k |
| ɮ |
l |
| ʃ |
sh |
| ɔ |
o |
| ɵ |
ö |
| pʰ |
p |
| u |
ü |
| ʊ |
u |
| j |
y |
| ʲ |
|
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Masculine |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -ɔr
amar /aˈmar/
man |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦʰ-
Else: Prefix ʦʰɔ-
cama /ˈʦʰama/
men |
| Feminine |
If starts with vowel: Prefix kʰtʰ-
Else: Prefix kʰtʰu-
ktatgirch /ˈkʰtʰatʰɡirʧʰ/
woman |
Prefix a-
aatgirch /aˈatʰɡirʧʰ/
women |
| Neuter |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɮʧ
Else: Suffix -uɮʧ
chüyilch /ˈʧʰujiɮʧ/
doɡ |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -stʰ
Else: Suffix -estʰ
chüyist /ʧʰuˈjistʰ/
doɡs |
Articles
| Definite |
yim /jim/
the |
| Indefinite |
büch /buʧʰ/
a, some |
Pronouns
| 1st singular |
chöd /ʧɵt/
I, me, mine |
| 2nd singular |
nard /nart/
you, yours |
| 3rd singular masc |
don /tɔn/
he, him, his |
| 3rd singular fem |
de /te/
she, her, hers |
| 3rd singular neut |
nu /nʲʊ/
it, its |
| 1st plural |
i /i/
we, us, ours |
| 2nd plural |
sö /sɵ/
you all, yours (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc |
tad /tʰat/
they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem |
yi /ji/
they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem) |
| 3rd plural neut |
shi /ʃi/
they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
chöd /ʧɵt/
my |
| 2nd singular |
nard /nart/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
don /tɔn/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
de /te/
her |
| 3rd singular neut |
nu /nʲʊ/
its |
| 1st plural |
i /i/
our |
| 2nd plural |
sö /sɵ/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc |
tad /tʰat/
their (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem |
yi /ji/
their (fem) |
| 3rd plural neut |
shi /ʃi/
their (neut) |
Verbs
|
Future |
| Masculine |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ
Else: Suffix -ɔʧ
nallich /naɮˈɮiʧ/ |
| Feminine |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -in
nallin /naɮˈɮin/ |
| Neuter |
If starts with vowel: Prefix bɮ-
Else: Prefix bɮɔ-
blonalli /bɮɔˈnaɮɮi/ |
Ntershölgen uses a standalone particle word for past tense:
| Past |
Particle before the verb: tʰa -
ta nalli /tʰa naɮˈɮi/
learned |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Ntershölgen uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
| Perfect |
Suffix -ɵʃ
nalliösh /naɮˈɮiɵʃ/
have learned |
Numbers
Ntershölgen has a base-10 number system:
1 - me
2 - ti
3 - nte
4 - ful
5 - at
6 - mo
7 - süch
8 - cab
9 - yi
10 - boc
11 - me tögsh boc “one and ten”
100 - me sört “one hundred”
101 - me sört me “one hundred one”
200 - ti sört
1000 - me rab “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix ti-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ʦɵ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix ti-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix bɔ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix ti-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix ti-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix te-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦ-
Else: Prefix ʦɵ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ɡʊ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix i-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ntʰ-
Else: Prefix ntʰe-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix kʰtʰɵ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix sɵ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ-
Else: Prefix ʧu-
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