Cuiltirud*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: se˩ jlen˩ bão˩l ro˩iche˩r jlen˩ ne˩us se˩ ti˩l jlen˩ tu˩vrin˩sta˩ me˩s jmin˩l tu˩ven˩is
Pronunciation: se˩ ʒlẽ˩ bɐ̃w̃˩l ˈro˩jʃɛ˩ɾ ʒlẽ˩ nɨ˩wʃ se˩ ti˩l ʒlẽ˩ ˈtu˩vɾĩ˩ʃta˩ mɨ˩ʃ ʒmĩ˩l ˈtu˩vẽ˩js
Cuiltirud word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z ɣ ɲ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʎ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Stop	p b		t d			k g	q	ʔ
Affricate				ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ	ʁ	h
Approximant					j
Tap			ɾ
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l		ʎ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e ẽ i ĩ o õ u ũ ɐ ɐ̃ ɐ̃w̃ ɔ ɛ ɨ/
Diphthongs: ɐ̃w̃
Tones: ˩

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ	u ũ
High-mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Near-low		ɐ ɐ̃
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, g, gr, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, ɣ, ʃ, ʒ, ʒl, ʒm, ʔ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bɾ, d, dj, dʒj, f, g, gw, gɾ, j, jd, jt, jv, jz, jɲ, jɾ, jʃ, jʒ, k, kt, kɾ, l, ld, lg, lm, lp, lt, lv, m, n, nj, p, pl, pɾ, s, sj, sk, sp, st, stʃ, sw, t, tɾ, tʃ, v, vɾ, wk, wp, ws, wt, wtɾ, wv, wz, wɾ, z, ɲ, ɲt, ɾ, ɾd, ɾg, ɾj, ɾk, ɾm, ɾn, ɾp, ɾs, ɾt, ɾv, ɾʒ, ʁ, ʁm, ʁs, ʃ, ʃk, ʃkɾ, ʃp, ʃs, ʃt, ʃtɾ, ʎ, ʒ, ʒm
Word final consonants: j, js, jʃ, l, s, w, wʃ, ɲ, ɲs, ɲʃ, ɾ, ʁ, ʃ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• t → r / tV_
• ẽ → i / h_
• u → o / _[+velar]
• p → v / _#
• je → i / C_
• e → ɛ / _v
• n → ∅ / _s
• o → e / _s
• a → aː / VC_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
k	qu / _{i,e,ɛ}
k	c
ʎ	lh
j	i
ʒ	j
ɾ	r
ʁ	r
ʃ	s / _#
ʃ	s / _C
ʃ	ch
ɲ	nh
ɐ̃w̃	ão
w	u
ɨ	e
ɛ	e
ɔ	o
ĩ	im / _#
ĩ	im / _{p,b}
ĩ	in
ũ	um / _#
ũ	um / _{p,b}
ũ	un
ẽ	em / _#
ẽ	em / _{p,b}
ẽ	en
ɐ̃	am / _#
ɐ̃	am / _{p,b}
ɐ̃	an
ɐ	a
õ	om / _#
õ	im / _{p,b}
õ	on

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix xa˩uvo˩ /ˈxa˩wvo˩/ man	No affix o˩ /o˩/ woman
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -jʃ Else: Suffix -e˩jʃ xa˩uvo˩is /ˈxa˩wvo˩jʃ/ men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -ɐ˩ʃ o˩s /o˩ʃ/ women

Articles

Cuiltirud has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	hu˩ /hu˩/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ʤon˩ /ʤõ˩/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	jlen˩ /ʒlẽ˩/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	a˩s /a˩s/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural inclusive	se˩ /sɛ˩/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ʔa˩ /ʔɐ˩/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	a˩ /ɐ˩/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	fe˩ /fe˩/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	do˩is /do˩jʃ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	hu˩ /hu˩/ my
2nd singular	ʤon˩ /ʤõ˩/ your
3rd singular masc	jlen˩ /ʒlẽ˩/ his
3rd singular fem	a˩s /a˩s/ her
1st plural inclusive	se˩ /sɛ˩/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ʔa˩ /ʔɐ˩/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	a˩ /ɐ˩/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	fe˩ /fe˩/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	do˩is /do˩jʃ/ their (fem)

Verbs

Masculine

	Present	Past
1st person	Suffix -ɨ˩ʃ ro˩re˩s /ˈrɔ˩ɾɨ˩ʃ/	Prefix ʃẽ˩- chen˩ro˩r /ˈʃẽ˩rɔ˩ɾ/
2nd person	Prefix vɐ˩- va˩ro˩r /ˈvɐ˩rɔ˩ɾ/	If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jɐ̃w̃˩- ião˩ro˩r /ˈjɐ̃rɔ˩ɾ/
3rd person	Prefix u˩- u˩ro˩r /ˈu˩rɔ˩ɾ/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -õ˩l ro˩ron˩l /ˈrɔ˩ɾõ˩l/

Feminine

	Present	Past
1st person	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mɨ˩- me˩ro˩r /ˈmɨ˩rɔ˩ɾ/	Suffix -ɛ˩ ro˩re˩ /ˈrɔ˩ɾɛ˩/
2nd person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wʃ Else: Suffix -u˩wʃ ro˩ru˩us /ˈrɔ˩ɾu˩wʃ/	Prefix a˩- a˩ro˩r /ˈa˩rɔ˩ɾ/
3rd person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲʃ Else: Suffix -ɨ˩ɲʃ ro˩re˩nhs /ˈrɔ˩ɾɨ˩ɲʃ/	If starts with vowel: Prefix gr- Else: Prefix grɛ˩- gre˩ro˩r /ˈgrɛ˩rɔ˩ɾ/

Cuiltirud uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: a˩ɾ - a˩r ro˩r /a˩ɾ rɔ˩ɾ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Cuiltirud uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: a˩wʃ - a˩us ro˩r /a˩wʃ rɔ˩ɾ/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Cuiltirud uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲ Else: Suffix -a˩ɲ ro˩ra˩nh /ˈrɔ˩ɾa˩ɲ/ have learned

Numbers

Cuiltirud has a base-10 number system:
1 - ɣo˩nhs
2 - do˩nhs
3 - re˩s
4 - xa˩us
5 - qi˩
6 - le˩us
7 - co˩
8 - se˩
9 - pon˩
10 - ne˩r
11 - ne˩rɣo˩nhs “ten-one”
100 - qa˩ “hundred”
101 - qa˩ se˩ ɣo˩nhs “hundred and one”
200 - do˩nhs qa˩
1000 - gre˩l “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -wʃ Else: Suffix -ɐ˩wʃ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix xe˩-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɛ˩ɾ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mu˩-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲ Else: Suffix -ɐ˩ɲ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -ẽ˩j
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲs Else: Suffix -o˩ɲs
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ɔ˩l
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ɐ˩w
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲs Else: Suffix -ɐ̃˩ɲs
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -i˩l
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ẽ˩ɲʃ
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -a˩w
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲʃ Else: Suffix -ɨ˩ɲʃ

Dictionary

4434 Words.