Far-Ha-Kot*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: RUHANDIC
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: dī́ cii̯̋ akidcüü̯̏ akidüː̄ cii̯̋ yō̏m dī́ akici̋ cii̯̋ piȉ̯s ci̋t ciː̋chch d͡sű
Pronunciation: tī́ cii̯̋ aˈkitcuȕ̯ aˈkituː̄ cii̯̋ jō̏m tī́ aˈkici̋ cii̯̋ piȉ̯s ci̋tʰ ciː̋ʧʰ t͡sʊ̋
Far-Ha-Kot word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c f g h j k kʰ l m n ñ p r s t tʰ t͡s t͡ʃ w wʲ x xʲ ð ɮ ɮʲ ɹ ʃ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n ñ
Stop	p b			t tʰ		c	k kʰ g
Affricate				ʦ ʦʰ	ʧ ʧʰ
Fricative		f	ð	s	ʃ		x xʲ	h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Trill				r
Lateral fricative				ɮ ɮʲ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w wʲ

Vowel inventory: /a aa̯ aː ā e eː ē i ii̯ iː ī o oː ō u uu̯ uː ū ə ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: aa̯, ii̯, uu̯
Tones: ̋ ̏ ̀ ́ ̄

	Front	Central	Back
High	ī i iː		ū u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	e ē eː		ō o oː
Mid		ə
Low	ā a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: c, ch, h, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, p, r, s, sh, t, tc, th, t͡s, t͡ʃ, w, ð, ɹ, ʃ
Mid-word consonants: ff, g, gs, gts, gɮ, gʧ, j, m, mn, ms, n, ng, ns, nt, nts, nʦʰ, r, rg, rsg, rtɮ, rx, rɮ, rʃ, rʦʰ, s, ss, stʰ, sɮ, t, tn, tr, tw, tɮ, tʰ, tʰg, tʰɮ, w, ws, wtʰ, wx, wɮ, wʃ, wʦʰ, wʧʰɮ, x, xn, xt, xɮ, ɮ, ɮb, ɮg, ɮtw, ɮtʰ, ɮtʰg, ɮtʰtʰ, ɮx, ɮʦʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʧʰɮ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʦʰs, ʧ, ʧʰ, ʧʰs
Word final consonants: b, g, gtʰ, kʰ, m, mʧ, n, nt, r, rtʰ, s, t, tʰ, w, wʲ, x, xʲ, ɮ, ɮtʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʲ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• l → ɫ / V_V
• a → o / [+labial]_
• n → ∅ / _s
• ʦ → s / _{h,i,j}
• s → ʃ / _n
• [+nasal] → m / _#
• w → b / V_V
• n → r / {g,p}_
• a → e / _m
• w → b / V_V
• m → n / V_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
w	b
t	d / !_ʰ
tʰ	t
ʧʰ	chch
ʧ	ch
ʦʰ	c
ʦ	c
kʰ	k
ɮ	l
ʃ	ssh
ɔ	o
ɵ	ö
pʰ	pp
u	ü
ʊ	u
j	y
ʲ	∅

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: t͡ʃiì̯ - d͡sshiì̯ pī́ /t͡ʃiì̯ pī́/ dogs

Definite	If starts with vowel: Prefix c- Else: Prefix cī̋- cī̋pī́ /ˈcī̋pī́/ the dog
Indefinite	If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jő- yőpī́ /ˈjőpī́/ a dog

Articles

Far-Ha-Kot encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

1st singular	piȉ̯ /piȉ̯/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	dü̏b /tȕb/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	cii̯̋ /cii̯̋/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	cií̯ /cií̯/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	dcǖ̄ /tcū̄/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	d͡sshī̋ /t͡ʃī̋/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	dǖ̏ /tū̏/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	piȉ̯ /piȉ̯/ my
2nd singular	dü̏b /tȕb/ your
3rd singular masc	cii̯̋ /cii̯̋/ his
3rd singular fem	cií̯ /cií̯/ her
1st plural	dcǖ̄ /tcū̄/ our
2nd plural	d͡sshī̋ /t͡ʃī̋/ your (pl)
3rd plural	dǖ̏ /tū̏/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix akikī̀mü̋ /ˌakiˈkī̀mű/ learn
Past	Prefix cií̯- cií̯akikī̀mü̋ /cii̯ˌakiˈkī̀mű/ learned
Remote past	Prefix pii̯̋- pii̯̋akikī̀mü̋ /pii̯ˌakiˈkī̀mű/ learned (long ago)
Future	If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pē̏- pakikī̀mü̋ /ˌpakiˈkī̀mű/ will learn

Numbers

Far-Ha-Kot has a base-20 number system:
1 - ciī̯
2 - ðiː̀m
3 - üü̯̏
4 - ii̯̋n
5 - cii̯̋
6 - lȉ
7 - üü̯nüːmüü̯̏lch
8 - piì̯
9 - pii̯̋ch
10 - piː̀
11 - dciːmī̋
12 - chī̏miȉ̯
13 - piːniː̀
14 - dǖ̏c
15 - dǘb
16 - cī̀dȉ
17 - ii̯cī̀
18 - ciː̏ssh
19 - pṑsiī̯ssh
20 - d͡sshii̯sī̏m
21 - d͡sshii̯sī̏mciī̯ “twenty-one”
400 - sǖ́ “fourhundred”
401 - sǖ́ dī́ ciī̯ “fourhundred and one”
800 - ðiː̀m sǖ́ “two fourhundred”
8000 - chīs “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix hyuk-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -haa
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -yaa
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix th- Else: Prefix thiː̋-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ʊ̏-
Noun to verb = Prefix mak-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tī̏-
Tending to = Suffix -hapi
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t͡ʃ- Else: Prefix t͡ʃii̯̋-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ʃū̋-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -sikko
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix jṑ-
Diminutive = Prefix ci̋-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jȍ-

Dictionary

4416 Words.