Haidrak* (Middle Draksi)
LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC
PERIOD OF USE: 1150-400 UT
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE: Iadrak* - Old Draksi
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES: DRAKSI
DESCRIPTION: Despite bearing a monolithic name, Haidrak is properly divided into several sub-variants. Scholars of language preferred a single category to reflect the broad historical period during which it was in use, being the Middle Empires (1112-707).
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: po˦b i˥ pha˧hack i˦hack i˥ mi˦l po˦b mi˦hack i˥ ji˧nk be˦ kuh˥r hy˥s Pronunciation: po˦p i˥ ˈpha˧hak ˈi˦hak i˥ mi˦l po˦p mi˦ˈhak i˥ ji˧ŋk bɛ˦ kuː˥ʁ hy˥s Haidrak word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ
Tones: ˧ ˦ ˥
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, ch, cr, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, ph, pl, s, t, th, tr, tw, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦv
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nm, nst, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, p, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁb, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, ʧ
Word final consonants: f, ft, k, ks, kt, l, lk, lp, lpst, lst, lt, lʃ, m, mpf, n, nf, nft, ns, nst, nt, nts, nʃ, p, pf, pt, pʃ, rst, rth, s, st, t, tk, tl, ts, tst, x, xt, ç, çt, çts, ŋ, ŋk, ŋks, ŋst, ʁ, ʁf, ʁk, ʁl, ʁn, ʁnst, ʁt, ʁts, ʁç, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʧ Phonological changes (in order of application):
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Haidrak uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Haidrak uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
2 - a˧
3 - lo˥
4 - ko˧
5 - ma˥
6 - se˧m
7 - ki˧ji˧
8 - twa˦k
9 - uh˥s
10 - ji˧ko˦n
11 - i˧ch
12 - o˧b
13 - se˦f
14 - ja˧ʧi˧
15 - ka˦ʧ
16 - ma˧ng
17 - ke˧r
18 - ki˥ns
19 - ko˦nsdt
20 - a˧ka˧
21 - a˧ka˧ po˦b i˦] “twenty and one”
400 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ “one fourhundred”
401 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ i˦ “one fourhundred one”
800 - a˧ ka˦pi˦ “two fourhundred”
8000 - i˦ o˧b “one eightthousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -stal
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -yː˥
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix da-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i˧m
Noun to verb = Prefix aeth-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -huss
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -i˥m
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -prad
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aː˦m
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ar-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -hass
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -øː˧ʧ
Augmentative = Suffix -i˥
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: po˦b i˥ pha˧hack i˦hack i˥ mi˦l po˦b mi˦hack i˥ ji˧nk be˦ kuh˥r hy˥s Pronunciation: po˦p i˥ ˈpha˧hak ˈi˦hak i˥ mi˦l po˦p mi˦ˈhak i˥ ji˧ŋk bɛ˦ kuː˥ʁ hy˥s Haidrak word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w x z ç ŋ ʁ ʃ ʔ ʦ ʧ/↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Stop | p b | t d | c | k g | ʔ | |||
Affricate | ʦ | ʧ | ||||||
Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ | ç | x | ʁ | h | |
Approximant | j | |||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i iː y yː | u uː | |
Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
High-mid | e eː øː | o oː | |
Mid | ə | ||
Low-mid | ɛ ɛː œ | ɔ | |
Near-low | ɐ | ||
Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, ch, cr, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, ph, pl, s, t, th, tr, tw, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦv
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nm, nst, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, p, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁb, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, ʧ
Word final consonants: f, ft, k, ks, kt, l, lk, lp, lpst, lst, lt, lʃ, m, mpf, n, nf, nft, ns, nst, nt, nts, nʃ, p, pf, pt, pʃ, rst, rth, s, st, t, tk, tl, ts, tst, x, xt, ç, çt, çts, ŋ, ŋk, ŋks, ŋst, ʁ, ʁf, ʁk, ʁl, ʁn, ʁnst, ʁt, ʁts, ʁç, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʧ Phonological changes (in order of application):
- w → v / _a
- c → ch / _i
- q → qu / #_
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
v | w |
p | b / _# |
t | dt / _# |
ks | chs |
x | ch |
ç | ch |
ʃ | sch |
ʁ | r |
z | s |
ʦ | z |
k | ck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_ |
{m,b,l,t,n,p,s} | @@ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_ |
ŋk | nk |
ŋ | ng |
ʦj | ti |
ʦ | zt / _# |
ʦ | z |
iː | ie |
ɛː | ä |
ɛ | ä | e |
œ | ö |
aʊ | au |
oː | o | oh | oo |
ɔ | o |
ɔʏ | eu |
aɪ | ei | ai |
yː | ü |
ʏ | ü |
uː | u | uh |
ʊ | u |
aː | a |
ɐ | er / !_r |
ɐ | e |
ɪ | i |
øː | ö |
ø | ö |
eː | ä | äh | e | eh | ee |
ə | e |
ʔ | ∅ |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase)."Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Neuter | |
---|---|
Singular | No affix |
Plural | Suffix -oː˦ |
Articles
Haidrak has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | |
---|---|---|
1st singular | ni˥ /nɪ˥/ I | leh˧ /leː˧/ me |
2nd singular | ka˧ /kaː˧/ you (masc) | a˧ /a˧/ you |
3rd singular masc | i˥ /i˥/ he | flee˧ /fleː˧/ him |
3rd singular fem | po˧ /po˧/ she | a˦ /a˦/ her |
3rd singular neut | ji˦m /ji˦m/ it | mi˧ /mi˧/ it |
1st plural | mu˦ /mu˦/ we | loh˧ /loː˧/ us |
2nd plural | gu˧ /gu˧/ you all | hai˦dt /haɪ˦t/ you all |
3rd plural | tu˥ /tu˥/ they | hö˥ch /hœ˥ç/ them |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | ni˥ /nɪ˥/ my |
2nd singular | a˧ /a˧/ your |
3rd singular masc | i˥ /i˥/ his |
3rd singular fem | po˧ /po˧/ her |
3rd singular neut | ji˦m /ji˦m/ its |
1st plural | mu˦ /mu˦/ our |
2nd plural | hai˦dt /ˈhaɪ˦t/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | tu˥ /tu˥/ their |
Verbs
Present
Neuter | |
---|---|
1st singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˧m i˦me˧hacka˧m /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhaka˧m/ |
2nd singular | Prefix iː˦- ie˦i˦me˧hack /ˌiː˦i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ |
3rd singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ns Else: Suffix -e˧ns i˦me˧hacke˧ns /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhake˧ns/ (it) learns |
3rd singular neut | If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -iː˧m i˦me˧hackie˧m /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakiː˧m/ |
1st plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -nst Else: Suffix -i˧nst i˦mä˧hacki˧nsdt /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈki˧nst/ |
2nd plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -o˦k i˦me˧hacko˦k /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhako˦k/ |
3rd plural | Prefix i˥- i˥i˦me˧hack /ˌi˥i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (they) learn |
Past
Neuter | |
---|---|
1st singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʃ Else: Suffix -iː˧lʃ i˦mä˧hackie˧lsch /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakiː˧lʃ/ |
2nd singular | Suffix -y˧t i˦mä˧hacky˧dt /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhaky˧t/ |
3rd singular | Prefix nə˧- ne˧i˦mä˧hack /ˌnə˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (it) learned |
3rd singular neut | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -i˦ʧ i˦me˧hacki˦ʧ /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈki˦ʧ/ |
1st plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gu˧- gi˦me˧hack /gi˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ |
2nd plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁf Else: Suffix -œ˧ʁf i˦mä˧hackö˧rf /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakœ˧ʁf/ |
3rd plural | Prefix vɛ˥- wä˥i˦mä˧hack /vɛ˥ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhak/ (they) learned |
Future
Neuter | |
---|---|
1st singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˦m i˦me˧hacka˦m /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈka˦m/ |
2nd singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -oː˦f i˦mä˧hackoh˦f /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈkoː˦f/ |
3rd singular | Prefix hœ˧- hö˧i˦mä˧hack /ˌhœ˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (it) will learn |
3rd singular neut | Prefix ji˥- ji˥i˦me˧hack /ji˥ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhak/ |
1st plural | Suffix -a˧ i˦mä˧hacka˧ /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈka˧/ |
2nd plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛ˧n i˦me˧hacke˧n /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakɛ˧n/ |
3rd plural | Prefix œ˧- ö˧i˦me˧hack /ˌœ˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (they) will learn |
Imperfective | Particle before the verb: to˦ŋ - to˦ng i˦mä˧hack /to˦ŋ i˦mɛ˧ˈhak/ learns/is learning |
Perfect | If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -u˦k i˦mä˧hacku˦k /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈku˦k/ have learned |
Numbers
Haidrak has a base-20 number system: 1 - i˦2 - a˧
3 - lo˥
4 - ko˧
5 - ma˥
6 - se˧m
7 - ki˧ji˧
8 - twa˦k
9 - uh˥s
10 - ji˧ko˦n
11 - i˧ch
12 - o˧b
13 - se˦f
14 - ja˧ʧi˧
15 - ka˦ʧ
16 - ma˧ng
17 - ke˧r
18 - ki˥ns
19 - ko˦nsdt
20 - a˧ka˧
21 - a˧ka˧ po˦b i˦] “twenty and one”
400 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ “one fourhundred”
401 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ i˦ “one fourhundred one”
800 - a˧ ka˦pi˦ “two fourhundred”
8000 - i˦ o˧b “one eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -hicAdjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -stal
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -yː˥
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix da-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i˧m
Noun to verb = Prefix aeth-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -huss
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -i˥m
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -prad
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aː˦m
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ar-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -hass
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -øː˧ʧ
Augmentative = Suffix -i˥
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