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Haidrak* (Middle Draksi)

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC   PERIOD OF USE: 1150-400 UT   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE: Iadrak* - Old Draksi   DESCENDANT LANGUAGES: DRAKSI   DESCRIPTION: Despite bearing a monolithic name, Haidrak is properly divided into several sub-variants. Scholars of language preferred a single category to reflect the broad historical period during which it was in use, being the Middle Empires (1112-707).  
  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: po˦b i˥ pha˧hack i˦hack i˥ mi˦l po˦b mi˦hack i˥ ji˧nk be˦ kuh˥r hy˥s   Pronunciation: po˦p i˥ ˈpha˧hak ˈi˦hak i˥ mi˦l po˦p mi˦ˈhak i˥ ji˧ŋk bɛ˦ kuː˥ʁ hy˥s   Haidrak word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w x z ç ŋ ʁ ʃ ʔ ʦ ʧ/  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Nasalmnŋ
Stopp bt dck gʔ
Affricateʦʧ
Fricativef vs zʃçxʁh
Approximantj
Trillr
Lateral approximantl
  Co-articulated phonemes  
↓Manner/Place→Labial-velar
Approximantw
  Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ/   Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ   Tones: ˧ ˦ ˥  
FrontCentralBack
Highi iː y yːu uː
Near-highɪ ʏʊ
High-mide eː øːo oː
Midə
Low-midɛ ɛː œɔ
Near-lowɐ
Lowa aː
  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, ch, cr, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, ph, pl, s, t, th, tr, tw, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦv
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nm, nst, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, p, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁb, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, ʧ
Word final consonants: f, ft, k, ks, kt, l, lk, lp, lpst, lst, lt, lʃ, m, mpf, n, nf, nft, ns, nst, nt, nts, nʃ, p, pf, pt, pʃ, rst, rth, s, st, t, tk, tl, ts, tst, x, xt, ç, çt, çts, ŋ, ŋk, ŋks, ŋst, ʁ, ʁf, ʁk, ʁl, ʁn, ʁnst, ʁt, ʁts, ʁç, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʧ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  
  • w → v / _a
  • c → ch / _i
  • q → qu / #_
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
vw
pb / _#
tdt / _#
kschs
xch
çch
ʃsch
ʁr
zs
ʦz
kck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
{m,b,l,t,n,p,s}@@ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
ŋknk
ŋng
ʦjti
ʦzt / _#
ʦz
ie
ɛːä
ɛä | e
Ϛ
au
o | oh | oo
ɔo
ɔʏeu
ei | ai
ü
ʏü
u | uh
ʊu
a
ɐer / !_r
ɐe
ɪi
øːö
øö
ä | äh | e | eh | ee
əe
ʔ
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

 
Neuter
SingularNo affix
PluralSuffix -oː˦
 

Articles

  Haidrak has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.  

Pronouns

 
NominativeAccusative
1st singularni˥ /nɪ˥/ I leh˧ /leː˧/ me
2nd singularka˧ /kaː˧/ you (masc) /a˧/ you
3rd singular masc /i˥/ he flee˧ /fleː˧/ him
3rd singular fempo˧ /po˧/ she /a˦/ her
3rd singular neutji˦m /ji˦m/ it mi˧ /mi˧/ it
1st pluralmu˦ /mu˦/ we loh˧ /loː˧/ us
2nd pluralgu˧ /gu˧/ you all hai˦dt /haɪ˦t/ you all
3rd pluraltu˥ /tu˥/ they hö˥ch /hœ˥ç/ them
 

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularni˥ /nɪ˥/ my
2nd singular /a˧/ your
3rd singular masc /i˥/ his
3rd singular fempo˧ /po˧/ her
3rd singular neutji˦m /ji˦m/ its
1st pluralmu˦ /mu˦/ our
2nd pluralhai˦dt /ˈhaɪ˦t/ your (pl)
3rd pluraltu˥ /tu˥/ their
 

Verbs

 

Present

 
Neuter
1st singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˧m i˦me˧hacka˧m /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhaka˧m/
2nd singularPrefix iː˦- ie˦i˦me˧hack /ˌiː˦i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/
3rd singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ns Else: Suffix -e˧ns i˦me˧hacke˧ns /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhake˧ns/ (it) learns
3rd singular neutIf ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -iː˧m i˦me˧hackie˧m /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakiː˧m/
1st pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -nst Else: Suffix -i˧nst i˦mä˧hacki˧nsdt /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈki˧nst/
2nd pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -o˦k i˦me˧hacko˦k /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhako˦k/
3rd pluralPrefix i˥- i˥i˦me˧hack /ˌi˥i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (they) learn

Past

 
Neuter
1st singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -lʃ Else: Suffix -iː˧lʃ i˦mä˧hackie˧lsch /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakiː˧lʃ/
2nd singularSuffix -y˧t i˦mä˧hacky˧dt /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhaky˧t/
3rd singularPrefix nə˧- ne˧i˦mä˧hack /ˌnə˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (it) learned
3rd singular neutIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -i˦ʧ i˦me˧hacki˦ʧ /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈki˦ʧ/
1st pluralIf starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gu˧- gi˦me˧hack /gi˦ˈmɛ˧hak/
2nd pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁf Else: Suffix -œ˧ʁf i˦mä˧hackö˧rf /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakœ˧ʁf/
3rd pluralPrefix vɛ˥- wä˥i˦mä˧hack /vɛ˥ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhak/ (they) learned

Future

 
Neuter
1st singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -a˦m i˦me˧hacka˦m /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈka˦m/
2nd singularIf ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -oː˦f i˦mä˧hackoh˦f /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈkoː˦f/
3rd singularPrefix hœ˧- hö˧i˦mä˧hack /ˌhœ˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (it) will learn
3rd singular neutPrefix ji˥- ji˥i˦me˧hack /ji˥ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhak/
1st pluralSuffix -a˧ i˦mä˧hacka˧ /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈka˧/
2nd pluralIf ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛ˧n i˦me˧hacke˧n /ˌi˦mɛ˧ˈhakɛ˧n/
3rd pluralPrefix œ˧- ö˧i˦me˧hack /ˌœ˧i˦ˈmɛ˧hak/ (they) will learn
  Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Haidrak uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:  
ImperfectiveParticle before the verb: to˦ŋ - to˦ng i˦mä˧hack /to˦ŋ i˦mɛ˧ˈhak/ learns/is learning
  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Haidrak uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectIf ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -u˦k i˦mä˧hacku˦k /i˦ˌmɛ˧haˈku˦k/ have learned
 

Numbers

  Haidrak has a base-20 number system:   1 - i˦
2 - a˧
3 - lo˥
4 - ko˧
5 - ma˥
6 - se˧m
7 - ki˧ji˧
8 - twa˦k
9 - uh˥s
10 - ji˧ko˦n
11 - i˧ch
12 - o˧b
13 - se˦f
14 - ja˧ʧi˧
15 - ka˦ʧ
16 - ma˧ng
17 - ke˧r
18 - ki˥ns
19 - ko˦nsdt
20 - a˧ka˧
21 - a˧ka˧ po˦b i˦] “twenty and one”
400 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ “one fourhundred”
401 - i˦ ka˦pi˦ i˦ “one fourhundred one”
800 - a˧ ka˦pi˦ “two fourhundred”
8000 - i˦ o˧b “one eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -hic
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -stal
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -yː˥
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix da-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i˧m
Noun to verb = Prefix aeth-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -huss
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -i˥m
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -prad
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aː˦m
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ar-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -hass
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -øː˧ʧ
Augmentative = Suffix -i˥

Dictionary

4417 Words.

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