High Tyrilan*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: SINNUTIAN
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ncó̀ rő mhé́m leīth ca̋ mű ncó̀ rón ncú̋ mhé́m theīs cò ceȉceì
Pronunciation: /ŋgoː̀ ɾʲɔ̋ vˠeː́m lʲɛ̄h ka̋ mˠʊ̋ ŋgoː̀ ɾʲɔ́n ŋguː̋ vˠeː́m hɛ̄s kɔ̀ kɛ̏ˈkɛ̀
High Tyrilan word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b bʼ d dʲ d̪ˠ f g h j k kʰ l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ p pʰ s sˠ t tʰ tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x z ŋ ǀ ǀʰ ǂ ǂʰ ǃ ǃʰ ɟ ɦ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʁ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ ʦ ʦʼ ʧʼ χ ᵑǀ ᵑǃʼ ᶢǀʼ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	mʲ mˠ m		n̪ˠ	nʲ n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p pʰ b bʼ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʲ t tʰ dʲ d		ɟ	k kʰ g			ʔ
Affricate				ʦʼ ʦ	ʧʼ ʤ
Fricative		f vʲ vˠ v		sˠ s z	ʃ		x	χ ʁ	ʕ	h ɦ
Approximant						j
Tap				ɾʲ ɾˠ
Lateral fricative				ɬ ɮ
Lateral approximant				lʲ l
Click			ǀ ᵑǀ ǀʰ ᶢǀʼ	ǃʰ ǃ ᵑǃʼ		ǂ ǂʰ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	w
Lateral approximant		ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a eː ia iə iː oː uə uː ɑː ɔ əi əu ɛ ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: ia, iə, uə, əi, əu
Tones: ̋ ́ ̄ ̀ ̏

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	eː	oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a	ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: dʲ, d̪ˠ, g, h, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, nʲ, nʲtʲ, n̪ˠ, sˠ, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋg, ɟ, ɫ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾʲtʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠd̪ˠ, ɾˠtʲ, ɾˠt̪ˠ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Mid-word consonants: b, bj, bʼ, d, f, g, h, j, k, kw, kʰ, kʰw, l, lw, m, mb, mf, mkʰ, ml, mn, mp, ms, mz, mɬ, mɮ, mɲ, n, nd, ng, nt, nz, nǂ, nɬ, nɮ, p, pl, pʰ, s, t, tʰ, v, w, z, zw, ŋk, ǀ, ǀʰ, ǂ, ǂʰ, ǃ, ǃʰ, ǃʰw, ɦ, ɬ, ɲ, ɲʤ, ʃ, ʤ, ʦʼ, ʧʼ, ᵑǀ, ᵑǀw, ᵑǃʼ, ᶢǀʼw
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• kw → q / _a
• j → ∅ / #_
• s → h / #_
• v → ∅ / {t,d}_
• w → ∅ / #_
• j → ʤ / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ca	cea
coː	ceo
cu	ciu
kɪ	coi | cai | cui
k	c
h	th
x	ch
ç	ch
ɲ	nn
^n̪ˠ	n
nʲ	n
n̪ˠ	nn
ŋg	nc
ŋ	ng
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
lʲ	l
ɫ	l
ʃa	sea
sˠɪ	sai
sˠi	suí
sˠeː	sao
ʃɔ	seo | sio
ʃo	seo
ʃu	siu
ʃ	s
sˠ	s
tʲ	te / _{a,ɑː}
tʲ	t
tʲu	tiu
t̪ˠoː	teo
t̪ˠɛ	te
t̪ˠ	t
fˠi	faoi
fˠɪ	fui
fˠuː	fiú
fˠ	f
fʲ	f
ɟ	g
ɪ	i
ɑː	á
eːɾˠ	éar
ɾˠ	r
ɾʲ	r
vˠ	bh | mh
vʲ	bh
d̪ˠ	d
dʲ	d
əi	a
eː	é
ɛ	ei
ɔ	o
oː	ó
iː	í
uː	ú
iə	ia
əu	ai
uə	ua
ʊ	u

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Nominative	No affix ríní̏ /ˈɾˠiːniː̏/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -ɛ̋k ríní̏ei̋c /ɾˠiːˈniːɛ̋k/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -ɔ̀p ríní̏òp /ɾˠiːˈniːɔ̀p/ dogʼs

Singular	No affix ríní̏ /ˈɾˠiːniː̏/ dog
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -àn ríní̏àn /ɾˠiːniːˈàn/ dogs

Articles

Definite	bhő /vʲɔ̋/ the
Indefinite	ntú /nʲtʲʊ́/ a, some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st singular	cheȉ /xɛ̏/ I	ntū /nʲtʲʊ̄/ me	nni̋ /ɲɪ̋/ mine
2nd singular	gí̏n /ɟiː̏n/ you (masc)	rtām /ɾʲtʲəīm/ you	nei̋p /nʲɛ̋p/ yours
3rd singular masc	rő /ɾʲɔ̋/ he, it	ó /ɔ́/ him, it	gei̋n /gɛ̋n/ his, its
3rd singular fem	gú̏ /ɟuː̏/ she, it	gō /ɟɔ̄/ her, it	ca̋ /ka̋/ hers, its
1st plural	à /à/ we	nnò /ɲɔ̀/ us	gȍ /gɔ̏/ ours
2nd plural	rdá̋ /ɾˠd̪ˠɑː̋/ you all	gő /ɟɔ̋/ you all	eín /ɛ́n/ yours (pl)
3rd plural	mȁ /mʲȁ/ they	cú̀ /kuː̀/ them	bhő /vʲɔ̋/ theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	nnù /ɲʊ̀/ my
2nd singular	tiáʁ /tʲiə́ʁ/ your
3rd singular masc	bhé́m /vˠeː́m/ his
3rd singular fem	nnīcn /ɲɪ̄kn/ her
1st plural	ma̋ /mʲa̋/ our
2nd plural	nnī /ɲɪ̄/ your (pl)
3rd plural	gei̋l /gɛ̋l/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past	Future
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɪ́m thām /hām/ (I) learn	Suffix -oː̀ thāó̀ /ˈhāoː̀/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ās thās /hās/ (I) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ʊ̄m thām /hām/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɛ̋m thām /hām/ (you) learn	Suffix -eː̋χ thāé̋χ /ˈhāeː̋χ/ (you) learned	Suffix -ā thāā /ˈhāā/ (you) learned (long ago)	Suffix -ɪ̋ thāi̋ /hāˈɪ̋/ (you) will learn
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ɔ̄t thāt /hāt/ (he/she/it) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -a̋j thāj /hāj/ (he/she/it) learned	Suffix -ám thāám /ˈhāám/ (he/she/it) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ Else: Suffix -iː̄χ thāχ /hāχ/ (he/she/it) will learn
1st plural	Suffix -iː́ thāí́ /ˈhāiː́/ (we) learn	Suffix -ɛ̀n thāeìn /ˈhāɛ̀n/ (we) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ȁd thād /hād/ (we) learned (long ago)	Suffix -ɔ̋j thāőj /ˈhāɔ̋j/ (we) will learn
2nd plural	Suffix -a̋ thāa̋ /hāˈa̋/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -oː̄p thāp /hāp/ (you all) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ɛ̋s thās /hās/ (you all) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɔ́k thāc /hāk/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -ád thād /hād/ (they) learn	Suffix -ɛ́ thāeí /ˈhāɛ́/ (they) learned	Suffix -iáp thāiáp /ˈhāiáp/ (they) learned (long ago)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -eː̋m thām /hām/ (they) will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
High Tyrilan uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: nʲɔ̋ - nő thā /nʲɔ̋ hā/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
High Tyrilan uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɪ̋n thān /hān/ have learned

Numbers

High Tyrilan has a base-10 number system:
1 - nei̋b
2 - cá
3 - ncó̄
4 - cei̋
5 - cei̋j
6 - tū
7 - góf
8 - rímóp
9 - cha̋
10 - da̋
11 - da̋ ncó̀ nei̋b “ten and one”
100 - a̋n “hundred”
101 - a̋n nei̋b “hundred one”
200 - cá a̋n
1000 - thei̋m “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɛ́s
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -áj
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -əi̋ʃ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ɛ̄s
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sχ Else: Suffix -iásχ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -oː̋p
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ɔ̀t
Tending to = Suffix -ȁ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -a̋m
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -iː̋x
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -a̋
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɛ̋j
Diminutive = Suffix -ām
Augmentative = Suffix -ɛ́ʦ

Dictionary

4429 Words.