Ihadresh*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ISHADIC
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: kte fa oːmch ot megch furt kte uǖ megch aːls toːx ktert o
Pronunciation: kʰtʰe fa oːmʧ otʰ megʧ fʊrtʰ kʰtʰe ˈʊū megʧ aːɮs tʰɔːxʲ kʰtʰertʰ o
Ihadresh word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k kʰ l m n nʲ p r s t tʰ v w wʲ x xʲ z ð ŋ ɓ ɗ ɠ ɮ ɮʲ ɲ ʃ ʄ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p b			tʰ t d			kʰ k g
Implosive	ɓ			ɗ		ʄ	ɠ
Affricate				ʦ ʦʰ	ʧʰ ʧ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ		x xʲ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral fricative				ɮ ɮʲ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w wʲ

Vowel inventory: /a aː e eː ē i ii iː ī o oː ō u uu uː ū ɔː ə ɛː ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: ii, uu

	Front	Central	Back
High	ī i iː		ū u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	e ē eː		ō o oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛː		ɔː
Low	aː a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, f, g, j, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, n, ntʰ, nʲ, r, s, t, tʰ, x, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Mid-word consonants: f, h, j, k, kt, kw, l, m, mb, mz, n, nd, ns, nz, p, r, s, sk, t, v, vj, w, z, ð, ŋg, ɓ, ɓw, ɗ, ɠ, ɲ, ʃ, ʄ, ʧ, θ
Word final consonants: b, g, gtʰ, gʃ, gʦʰ, gʧ, gʧʰ, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, mʧ, n, nt, nx, r, rt, rtʰ, rʧʰ, s, stʰ, t, tʰ, w, ws, wʧʰ, wʲ, x, xʲ, ɮ, ɮs, ɮtʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʲ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• e → i / _{k,m}

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
w	b
t	d / !_ʰ
tʰ	t
ʧʰ	ch
ʧ	ch
ʦʰ	c
ʦ	c
kʰ	k
ɮ	l
ʃ	sh
ɔ	o
ɵ	ö
pʰ	p
u	ü
ʊ	u
j	y
ʲ	∅

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Singular

	Masculine	Feminine
Definite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rʧʰ Else: Suffix -īrʧʰ cōmchīrch /ˈʦōmʧīrʧʰ/ the man	Suffix -um tuüm /ˈtʰʊum/ the woman
Indefinite	Suffix -i cōmchi /ˈʦōmʧi/ a man	Suffix -aː tuaː /ˈtʰʊaː/ a woman

Plural

	Masculine	Feminine
Definite	Suffix -iː cōmchiː /ˈʦōmʧiː/ the men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -gtʰ Else: Suffix -ɛːgtʰ tugt /tʰʊgtʰ/ the women
Indefinite	Suffix -ūgʦʰ cōmchǖgc /ˈʦōmʧūgʦʰ/ some men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -kʰ Else: Suffix -akʰ tuk /tʰʊkʰ/ some women

Articles

Ihadresh encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

1st singular	iːnd /iːnt/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	bob /bowʲ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	fa /fa/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	roː /rɔː/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural inclusive	ye /je/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	nosh /noʃ/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	bō /bō/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	sǖ /sū/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	yegt /jegtʰ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	yert /jertʰ/ my
2nd singular	ü /u/ your
3rd singular masc	megch /megʧ/ his
3rd singular fem	nɪnx /nʲɪnx/ her
1st plural inclusive	tub /tʰʊb/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	choch /ʧʰoʧ/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	xǖ /xū/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	gɪk /gɪkʰ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	bō /bō/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Present	Past
Masculine	Suffix -um rəbchüm /ˈrəwʧʰum/	Suffix -ī rəbchī /ˈrəwʧʰī/
Feminine	Suffix -en rəbchen /ˈrəwʧʰen/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wʧʰ Else: Suffix -ɪwʧʰ rəbchɪbch /ˈrəwʧʰɪwʧʰ/

Ihadresh uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ntʰu - ntü rəbch /ntʰu rəwʧʰ/ will learn

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Ihadresh uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -a rəbcha /ˈrəwʧʰa/ have learned

Numbers

Ihadresh has a base-10 number system:
1 - bü
2 - ogt
3 - re
4 - fənd
5 - yoː
6 - oːɠo
7 - ktebs
8 - nɛː
9 - gɪhiɲe
10 - kī
11 - bü kte kī “one and ten”
100 - chot “hundred”
101 - chot kte bü “hundred and one”
200 - ogt chot
1000 - ü “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -i
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɮ Else: Suffix -oɮ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -əʃ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦ Else: Suffix -oʦ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -imʧ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -stʰ Else: Suffix -istʰ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɮs Else: Suffix -əɮs
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -eːʧ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -eb
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -gʧʰ Else: Suffix -igʧʰ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ws Else: Suffix -ūws
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʦʰ Else: Suffix -uʦʰ
Diminutive = Suffix -eː
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -gʦʰ Else: Suffix -egʦʰ

Dictionary

4428 Words.