Ithudic*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ISHADIC
PERIOD OF USE:
Classical language of the First Empire of Sekh Anoob, centered in the city of Enk'Ishr. Recent scholarship on the part of the Elves of Rigo has unearthed a substantial trove of classical texts.
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ðez no ub ðɛknye tʌdˤ rarniq ðez jok tʌdˤ xuːmlɛ ʕal rɯː zod
Pronunciation:/ðez no ub ˈðɛkɲe tʌdˤ ˈrarniq ðez ʤok tʌdˤ ˈxuːmlɛ ʕal rɯː zod
Ithudic word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d dˤ f g h j k l m n p q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ħ ŋ ɣ ɲ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p b			t tˤ d dˤ			k g	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f	θ ð	s sˤ z	ʃ		x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː ɛ ɛː ɯ ɯː ʌ/

	Front	Back
High	i iː	ɯ ɯː u uː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː	ʌ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, dˤ, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, sˤ, t, tˤ, w, x, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bʤ, d, f, g, h, hk, j, k, kh, kk, ks, kt, kɲ, l, lk, m, mb, ml, mp, n, nd, nk, ns, nt, ntr, nɲ, nʤ, nʧ, p, pk, pt, r, rb, rd, rg, rh, rk, rl, rm, rn, rp, rs, rt, rʤ, rʧ, s, sk, st, str, t, tk, w, ŋ, ŋg, ŋh, ŋk, ŋl, ŋs, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Word final consonants: b, d, dˤ, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, sˤ, t, tˤ, w, x, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• d → ∅ / _z

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʧ	c
ŋ	ng
j	y
ʤ	j
ɲ	ny

Grammar

Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Singular

	Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	No affix eː /eː/ man (when doing the verb)	No affix ɣɛrje /ˈɣɛrʤe/ woman (when doing the verb)
Accusative	Prefix da- daeː /ˈdaeː/ (verb done to) man	Prefix a- aɣɛrje /ˈaɣɛrʤe/ (verb done to) woman
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix di- deː /deː/ manʼs	If starts with vowel: Prefix tˤ- Else: Prefix tˤu- tˤuɣɛrje /ˈtˤuɣɛrʤe/ womanʼs

Plural

	Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix da- deː /deː/ men (when doing the verb)	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tʌ- tʌɣɛrje /ˈtʌɣɛrʤe/ women (when doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fɛː- feː /feː/ (verb done to) men	Prefix fo- foɣɛrje /ˈfoɣɛrʤe/ (verb done to) women
Genitive	Prefix kiː- kiːeː /ˈkiːeː/ menʼs	Prefix aː- aːɣɛrje /ˈaːɣɛrʤe/ womenʼs

Articles

Definite	wi /wi/ the
Indefinite	i /i/ a, some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st singular	aː /aː/ I	xuːl /xuːl/ me	loːl /loːl/ mine
2nd singular	θaː /θaː/ you (masc)	yɛː /jɛː/ you	bɛf /bɛf/ yours
3rd singular masc	ub /ub/ he, it	qe /qe/ him, it	tʌdˤ /tʌdˤ/ his, its
3rd singular fem	ɣaː /ɣaː/ she, it	tˤɯ /tˤɯ/ her, it	sˤʌf /sˤʌf/ hers, its
1st plural	ħɛː /ħɛː/ we	yuːħ /juːħ/ us	lɛː /lɛː/ ours
2nd plural	i /i/ you all	ko /ko/ you all	uːn /uːn/ yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	zuf /zuf/ they (masc)	a /a/ them (masc)	ʃoːx /ʃoːx/ theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	no /no/ they (fem)	ʔu /ʔu/ them (fem)	ɣɛt /ɣɛt/ theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	loːl /loːl/ my
2nd singular	bɛf /bɛf/ your
3rd singular masc	tʌdˤ /tʌdˤ/ his
3rd singular fem	sˤʌf /sˤʌf/ her
1st plural	lɛː /lɛː/ our
2nd plural	uːn /uːn/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	ʃoːx /ʃoːx/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	ɣɛt /ɣɛt/ their (fem)

Verbs

Future

Prefix ma- maniːgɯy /ˈmaniːgɯj/ will learn

Ithudic uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: al - al niːgɯy /al ˈniːgɯj/ learned

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Ithudic uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix i- iniːgɯy /ˈiniːgɯj/ have learned

Numbers

Ithudic has a base-20 number system:
1 - xuːtˤ
2 - ʌ
3 - θoːt
4 - iz
5 - at
6 - hɯː
7 - om
8 - ko
9 - zu
10 - dɯː
11 - θiːrgɛ
12 - ʕau
13 - tˤom
14 - roːd
15 - θiːdˤ
16 - jɛmbʌz
17 - dˤagoθ
18 - hoːy
19 - roːsˤ
20 - iːrlɛ
21 - xuːtˤ ðez iːrlɛ “one and twenty”
400 - jo “fourhundred”
401 - jo xuːtˤ “fourhundred one”
800 - ʌ jo “two fourhundred”
8000 - ak “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix kɛː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix dˤ- Else: Prefix dˤa-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix suː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fɛː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix i-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix dˤ- Else: Prefix dˤɯː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tu-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʕ- Else: Prefix ʕi-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix jeː-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix w- Else: Prefix wʌ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ʃe-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix u-
Diminutive = Prefix u-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɯː-

Dictionary

4448 Words.