Jøtingik*
LANGUAGE FAMILY: FARANG
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: schre jamm ma löbb minn ma schre ma minna jackedt kökinn pük peio Pronunciation: ʃʁə jam ma lœp min ma ʃʁə ma ˈmina ˈjaket ˈkøːkin pyːk ˈpaɪo Jøtingik word order: and stood his hat holding he and his wet face turned to the wind
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stressd
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, gʁ, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, pl, pʁ, s, t, tʁ, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃv, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦvd
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹd
Word final consonants: N/A Phonological changes (in order of application):
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door opened with a key Mary.d
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.d
Adposition: prepositions
Jøtingik uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Jøtingik uses the word for ‘finish’ pfoji for the perfect aspect.
2 - dräbbd
3 - pud
4 - jissd
5 - mannsd
6 - pend
7 - täd
8 - kod
9 - pärld
10 - zud
11 - biefäd
12 - friejed
13 - gimmbid
14 - munntsd
15 - kaʧod
16 - konnod
17 - kehsd
18 - kackied
19 - bienglied
20 - lülldlud
21 - pla schre lülldlu “one and twenty”d
400 - fre “fourhundred”d
401 - fre schre pla “fourhundred and one”d
800 - drebb fre “two fourhundred”d
8000 - so “eightthousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ad
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ud
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -atd
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɔld
Noun to verb = Suffix -asd
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -id
Tending to = Suffix -əkd
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -apd
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ud
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -imd
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -aŋd
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -amd
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁnst Else: Suffix -aɪʁnst
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: schre jamm ma löbb minn ma schre ma minna jackedt kökinn pük peio Pronunciation: ʃʁə jam ma lœp min ma ʃʁə ma ˈmina ˈjaket ˈkøːkin pyːk ˈpaɪo Jøtingik word order: and stood his hat holding he and his wet face turned to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w x z ç ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʍ ʔ ʤ ʦ ʧ θ/| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||||
| Affricate | ʦ | ʧ ʤ | |||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ | ç | x | ʁ | h | |
| Approximant | ɹ | j | |||||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | ʍ w |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː y yː | u uː | |
| Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
| High-mid | e eː øː | o oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Low-mid | ɛ ɛː œ | ɔ | |
| Near-low | ɐ | ||
| Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: No fixed stressd
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, gʁ, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, pl, pʁ, s, t, tʁ, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃv, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦvd
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹd
Word final consonants: N/A Phonological changes (in order of application):
- k → ∅ / V_V
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| v | w |
| p | b / _# |
| t | dt / _# |
| ks | chs |
| x | ch |
| ç | ch |
| ʃ | sch |
| ʁ | r |
| z | s |
| ʦ | z |
| k | ck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_ |
| {m,b,l,t,n,p,s} | @@ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_ |
| ŋk | nk |
| ŋ | ng |
| ʦj | ti |
| ʦ | zt / _# |
| ʦ | z |
| iː | ie |
| ɛː | ä |
| ɛ | ä | e |
| œ | ö |
| aʊ | au |
| oː | o | oh | oo |
| ɔ | o |
| ɔʏ | eu |
| aɪ | ei | ai |
| yː | ü |
| ʏ | ü |
| uː | u | uh |
| ʊ | u |
| aː | a |
| ɐ | er / !_r |
| ɐ | e |
| ɪ | i |
| øː | ö |
| ø | ö |
| eː | ä | äh | e | eh | ee |
| ə | e |
| ʔ | ∅ |
Grammar
Main word order: Object Verb (Prepositional phrase) Subject.d"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door opened with a key Mary.d
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.d
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
| Singular | No affix wung /vuŋ/ dog |
| Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -at wungadt /ˈvuŋat/ dogs |
Articles
| Definite | Indefinite | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | mi /mi/ the | ba /baː/ a |
| Plural | nif /nif/ the | pe /pə/ some |
Pronouns
| 1st singular | mi /mi/ I, me, mine |
| 2nd singular | schwä /ʃvɛ/ you, yours |
| 3rd singular masc | ma /ma/ he, him, his, it, its |
| 3rd singular fem | te /te/ she, her, hers, it, its |
| 1st plural inclusive | mu /mu/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive | ji /ji/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural | ke /ke/ you all, yours (pl) |
| 3rd plural | pa /paː/ they, them, theirs |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | mi /mi/ my |
| 2nd singular | schwe /ʃvɛ/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | ma /ma/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | te /te/ her |
| 1st plural inclusive | mu /mu/ our (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive | ji /ji/ our (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural | ke /ke/ your (pl) |
| 3rd plural | pa /paː/ their |
Verbs
| Present | No affix tef /tef/ learn |
| Past | If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -im tefimm /ˈtefim/ learned |
| Remote past | Suffix -i tefi /teˈfi/ learned (long ago) |
| Future | Particle before the verb: biːʧ - bieʧ tef /biːʧ tef/ will learn |
Numbers
Jøtingik has a base-20 number system: 1 - plad2 - dräbbd
3 - pud
4 - jissd
5 - mannsd
6 - pend
7 - täd
8 - kod
9 - pärld
10 - zud
11 - biefäd
12 - friejed
13 - gimmbid
14 - munntsd
15 - kaʧod
16 - konnod
17 - kehsd
18 - kackied
19 - bienglied
20 - lülldlud
21 - pla schre lülldlu “one and twenty”d
400 - fre “fourhundred”d
401 - fre schre pla “fourhundred and one”d
800 - drebb fre “two fourhundred”d
8000 - so “eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ukdAdjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ad
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ud
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -atd
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ɔld
Noun to verb = Suffix -asd
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -id
Tending to = Suffix -əkd
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -apd
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ud
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -imd
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -aŋd
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -amd
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁnst Else: Suffix -aɪʁnst
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