Khyrigintal*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI
PERIOD OF USE: 3100-2600 UT
Khyrigintal is the language of the fabled The Kingdom of Khyr, to which modern-day Navirds trace their heritage.
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: nynd sni̮ clyl sni̮ laf i nynd sni̮ ˈreimsib is pi̮n ̮lo cḫyt
Pronunciation: nɨnd snɪu klɨl snɪu lav ɪ nɨnd snɪu ˈreimsib iːs pɪun wlɔ χʊɨt
Khyrigintal word order: and he stood hat his holding and his face wet turned to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d h j k l m n n̥ p r r̥ s t v w z ð ŋ ɡ ɬ ʃ θ χ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n n̥			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k ɡ
Fricative		v	θ ð	s z	ʃ			χ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r r̥
Lateral fricative				ɬ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a ai au aɨ aː ei eɨ eː i iː oː u uː ɔ ɔi ɔɨ ə əu ɛ ɛu ɨ ɨu ɨː ɪ ɪu ʊ ʊɨ/
Diphthongs: ai, au, aɨ, ei, eɨ, ɔi, ɔɨ, əu, ɛu, ɨu, ɪu, ʊɨ

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, d, dr, dw, h, j, k, kl, l, m, n, nt, n̥, p, pl, pr, r, rn, r̥, s, sd, sn, t, tr, v, w, wl, wn, wr, wz, z, ð, ɡ, ɬ, ʃ, θ, θj, χ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dl, dr, h, l, m, ml, mr, ms, n, nr̥, nt, nw, r, rb, rd, rv, rw, rɬ, sɡ, tbl, v, vj, vl, vn, ð, ðj, ŋ, ɡ, ɡl, ɡw, ɬ, θ, χ, χr
Word final consonants: b, d, k, l, ld, m, n, nd, nt, p, r, rs, rθ, s, sɡ, t, v, vn, vr, z, ð, ŋ, ɡ, ɬ, θ, χ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• ɡ → j

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɡ	g
f	ph
v	f
k	c
ŋ	ng
χ	ch
θ	th
r̥	rh
ɬ	ll
ð	dd
ɪu	iw
ɨu	uw
ʊɨ	wy
ɛu	ew
ɔi	oi
əu	yw
eɨ	ey
aː	a
ɔ	o
oː	o
iː	i
ɪ	i
eː	e
ɛ	e
uː	w
j	i
ɨː	y
ɨ	y
ə	y
ʃ	si
n̥	n
n̥	̄
w	̮
eː	̧
θ	̌

Grammar

Main word order: Object Subject Verb (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door Mary opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
• Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).

Nouns have both a plural affix and dual affix for precisely two things.

Ergative	Suffix -ʊɨ ˈmap̮y /ˈmapʊɨ/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb to somethinɡ)
Absolutive	No affix map /map/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb, but not to somethinɡ)

Singular	No affix map /map/ doɡ
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ɨp ˈmapyp /ˈmapɨp/ doɡs
Dual	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɔm ˈmapom /ˈmapɔm/

Articles

Definite	̮̮ /wuː/ the
Indefinite	i /ɪ/ a, some

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive
1st singular	ieic /jeik/ I	mup /mup/ me, I
2nd singular	lal /lal/ you	syd /sɨd/ you
3rd singular masc	sni̮ /snɪu/ he, it	za /za/ him, it
3rd singular fem	he /hɛ/ she, it	̮ifn /wiːvn/ her, it
1st plural inclusive	co /koː/ we (including you)	pi /pi/ us, we (including you)
1st plural exclusive	fey /veɨ/ we (excluding you)	̮nas /wnaːs/ us, we (excluding you)
2nd plural	i /i/ you all	siym /ʃɨm/ you all
3rd plural	ntap /ntaːp/ they	e̮l /ɛul/ them, they

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ieic /jeik/ my
2nd singular	lal /lal/ your
3rd singular masc	sni̮ /snɪu/ his
3rd singular fem	he /hɛ/ her
1st plural inclusive	co /koː/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	fey /veɨ/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	i /i/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ntap /ntaːp/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛun ˈ̮ile̮n /ˈwiːlɛun/ (I/we) learn	Suffix -ei ˈ̮ilei /ˈwiːlei/ (I/we) learned
2nd person	No affix ̮il /wiːl/ (you/you all) learn	Suffix -ɨrs ˈ̮ilyrs /ˈwiːlɨrs/ (you/you all) learned
3rd person	Suffix -a ˈ̮ila /ˈwiːla/ (he/she/it/they) learn	Suffix -uːk ˈ̮il̮c /ˈwiːluːk/ (he/she/it/they) learned

Khyrigintal uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: bʊɨ - b̮y ̮il /bʊɨ wiːl/ will learn

Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Khyrigintal uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ar ˈ̮ilar /ˈwiːlar/ is learninɡ

Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Khyrigintal uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð Else: Suffix -eɨð ˈ̮ileydd /ˈwiːleɨð/ learns

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Khyrigintal uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -in ˈ̮ilin /ˈwiːlin/ have learned

Numbers

Khyrigintal has a base-20 number system:
1 - sdy̮
2 - ag
3 - ych
4 - ze
5 - dym
6 - ath
7 - eysg
8 - dy
9 - ̮ryr
10 - cy
11 - sʊdd
12 - ˈclymli
13 - ˈusgi
14 - ˈsiyflyng
15 - iain
16 - aunt
17 - sʊg
18 - fi̮ch
19 - codd
20 - aip
21 - sdy̮ nynd aip “one and twenty”
400 - b̮y “fourhundred”
401 - b̮y nynd sdy̮ “fourhundred and one”
800 - ag b̮y “two fourhundred”
8000 - i̮ “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛun
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -oːp
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -uːk
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ɨul
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -eːk
Noun to verb = Suffix -ei
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɨː
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -in
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ɪul
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -aɨk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -as
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -as
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -iːv
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -iɡ

Dictionary

4435 Words.