Pisandari*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: SINNUTIAN
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: munze ho ponouii puvianouii ho manio munze meunslouii ho mazupue cunbɹe pubde lanbe
Pronunciation: munz hɔ pɔ̃ˈwii ˌpyvjɑ̃ˈwii hɔ ˈmɑ̃jɔ munz mønˈslwii hɔ ˈmazupw kunbɹ pybd lanb
Pisandari word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w z ð ŋ ɥ ɹ ɾ ʁ ʃ ʋ ʍ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g		ʔ
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ			ʁ	h
Approximant		ʋ		ɹ		j
Tap				ɾ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø œ ɑ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɛ ɛ̃/

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e ø	o
Low-mid	ɛ ɛ̃ œ	ɔ ɔ̃
Low	a	ɑ̃

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: h, k, l, m, n, p, ʋ, ʔ
Mid-word consonants: b, bj, bl, bw, bʁ, d, dw, dʁw, f, fl, fw, fʁ, fʁɥ, g, gl, gʁ, j, k, kl, kw, kɥ, kʁ, kʁw, l, lj, lw, lɥ, m, mj, mw, n, nw, nɥ, p, pj, pl, pw, pɥ, pʁ, s, sp, st, stʁ, sw, sɥ, t, tj, tʁ, tʁw, v, vj, vw, vʁ, w, z, ɥ, ʁ, ʁj, ʁw, ʃ, ʃw, ʒ, ʒw, ʒɥ
Word final consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• ŋ → w / C_
• b → k / _a
• {p,b} → m / V_V

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
e	e*4 | er / _#
ksj	cti
ks	xe / _#
ks	x
k	kue / _#
kt	ct
sk	skwu
k	c / !_{i,e,ɛ}
k	qu
d	de / _#
t#	te
wi	oui
wɛ̃	oin
jɛ̃	ien
ɛ̃	in
wɑ{a,ɑ}	oi
ʒ	g / _{i,e,ɛ}
ʒm	jem
ɥ	u
y	u
j	i
ʒ	dze / _#
ʒ	j
ʃ	che / _#
ɲ	gn
∅	e / CC_#
v	ve / _#
ʃ	ch
ʁ	r | rd | rt / _#
ʁ	r
ɔ̃	on | om / _#
ɔ̃	on
ɔ	o
ɑ̃	an
ɛ	e
ø	eu
œ	eu
w	u

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ- Else: Prefix ʔi- ʔiʔaɹnzo /ʔiˈʔaɹnzo/ man	If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pu- puʔaɹnzo /puˈʔaɹnzo/ men
Feminine	If starts with vowel: Prefix h- Else: Prefix hɛ̃- hinmonfzi /hɛ̃ˈmonfzi/ woman	Prefix li- limonfzi /liˈmonfzi/ women
Neuter	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʋ- Else: Prefix ʋɔ̃- ʋonʋeubzi /ʋɔ̃ˈʋøbzi/ dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ- Else: Prefix ʔe- ʔeʋeubzi /ʔeˈʋøbzi/ dogs

Articles

Definite	la /la/ the
Indefinite	mer /me/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	ʔinde /ʔind/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ʔu /ʔu/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ho /hɔ/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	qui /ki/ she, her, hers
3rd singular neut	loɹme /loɹm/ it, its
1st plural	ʔer /ʔe/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ʋeg /ʋɛg/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	ʔam /ʔam/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	mepche /mɛpʃ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neut	pon /pɔ̃/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ʔinde /ʔind/ my
2nd singular	ʔu /ʔu/ your
3rd singular masc	ho /hɔ/ his
3rd singular fem	qui /ki/ her
3rd singular neut	loɹme /loɹm/ its
1st plural	ʔer /ʔe/ our
2nd plural	ʋeg /ʋɛg/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	ʔam /ʔam/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	mepche /mɛpʃ/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	pom /pɔ̃/ their (neut)

Verbs

Present	No affix coouii /koˈwii/ learn
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix h- Else: Prefix hø- heucoouii /ˌhøkoˈwii/ learned
Remote past	Prefix pø- peucoouii /ˌpøkoˈwii/ learned (long ago)
Future	Prefix o- ocoouii /ˌokoˈwii/ will learn

Numbers

Pisandari has a base-10 number system:
1 - cop
2 - mecue
3 - minθfe
4 - labite
5 - ʔuɹfe
6 - ne
7 - peu
8 - nan
9 - quevle
10 - pusti
11 - pusti co “ten-one”
100 - luvɹe “hundred”
101 - luvɹe co “hundred one”
200 - mecue luvɹe
1000 - pasʧe “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix po-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʋ- Else: Prefix ʋɔ̃-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix h- Else: Prefix hi-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix qu-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ʋɛ̃-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʋ- Else: Prefix ʋɑ̃-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix u- Tending to = Prefix wa-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ba
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix lo-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -chwi
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -met
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kɛ̃-
Augmentative = Prefix ʔi-

Dictionary

4440 Words.