Tadhares*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC
PERIOD OF USE: 2200-1600
Dominant language of The Cativene Dynasty (2000-1685).
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: sa di paʃt priout fior ran sa durcus mior paʃt iʃ meuut fe
Pronunciation: /sa diː paːʃt ˈpriout fior ran sa ˈdurkus mior paːʃt iʃ meuˈut fe
Tadheres word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k kʷ l m n p q r s t v w x z ɣ ʃ ʔ ʤ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k kʷ g	q	ʔ
Affricate				ʤ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ		x ɣ		h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a ae au aː e ei eu eː i io iu iː o oe oː u ui uː/
Diphthongs: ae, au, ei, eu, io, iu, oe, ui

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, br, d, f, fl, fr, g, gl, gr, h, k, kl, kr, kʷ, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, r, s, sk, sp, st, t, tr, w
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, br, bs, bt, d, dd, dkʷ, dm, dw, f, ff, g, gg, gm, gn, gr, h, k, kk, kkʷ, kr, ks, ksk, ksp, kspl, kssp, kst, kstr, kt, kʷ, l, lg, lk, ll, ln, lp, ls, lt, ltr, lw, m, mb, mkʷ, mm, mn, mp, mpl, mpr, mw, n, nd, nf, nfl, nfr, ng, ngr, nk, nkl, nkr, nkʷ, nl, nn, ns, nskr, nsp, nst, nstr, nt, ntr, nw, p, pl, pp, ppl, ppr, pr, ps, pt, r, rb, rd, rf, rg, rk, rkʷ, rm, rn, rp, rr, rs, rsp, rt, rw, s, sd, sk, skʷ, sm, sp, ss, st, stkʷ, str, t, tkʷ, tr, ts, tt, ttr, w
Word final consonants: b, bz, d, f, ft, g, h, hr, j, jr, k, l, m, mr, mʔ, n, nd, ng, p, q, qt, r, rb, rd, rg, rk, rm, rn, rs, s, sr, st, t, tr, tʃ, v, vr, vʔ, x, xt, z, zv, ɣ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃq, ʃt, ʔ, ʔd, ʔr, ʤ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• i → iə / _m
• a → i / _Ci
• [+labial] → p / l_
• a → o / [+labial]_
• s → h / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kʷ	qu
ks	x
k	c
w	v
ː

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
• Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).

Ergative	Suffix -a leusa /leːˈusa/ dog (doing the verb to something)
Absolutive	No affix leus /ˈleːus/ dog (doing the verb, but not to something)

Singular

	Masculine	Feminine
Definite	Suffix -e house /hoːˈuse/ the man	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rg Else: Suffix -aerg nitʃutaerg /niːtˈʃutaerg/ the woman
Indefinite	Suffix -aː housa /hoːˈusaː/ a man	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rg Else: Suffix -uirg nitʃutuirg /niːtˈʃutuirg/ a woman

Plural

	Masculine	Feminine
Definite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -vr Else: Suffix -ivr housivr /hoːuˈsivr/ the men	Suffix -oːʃ nitʃutoʃ /niːtˈʃutoːʃ/ the women
Indefinite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt Else: Suffix -axt housaxt /hoːuˈsaxt/ some men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mr Else: Suffix -amr nitʃutamr /niːtˈʃutamr/ some women

Articles

Tadheres encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive
1st singular	ga /ga/ I	pluivʔ /pluivʔ/ me, I
2nd singular	huirb /huirb/ you	cop /kop/ you
3rd singular masc	di /diː/ he, it	de /deː/ him, it
3rd singular fem	i /i/ she, it	crojr /krojr/ her, it
1st plural	tioʃ /tioʃ/ we	cov /kov/ us, we
2nd plural	vah /waːh/ you all	cluitr /kluitr/ you all
3rd plural masc	sti /sti/ they (masc)	vuiʃ /wuiʃ/ them (masc), they (masc)
3rd plural fem	puid /puid/ they (fem)	vo /woː/ them (fem), they (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	noʃt /noʃt/ my
2nd singular	moe /moe/ your
3rd singular masc	paʃt /paːʃt/ his
3rd singular fem	vo /woː/ her
1st plural	ni /niː/ our
2nd plural	fro /froː/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	teu /teu/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	eʔ /eʔ/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st singular	Suffix -euj laceuj /ˈlaːkeuj/ (I) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mr Else: Suffix -amr lacamr /ˈlaːkamr/ (I) learned
2nd singular	Suffix -i laci /ˈlaːki/ (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -an lacan /laːˈkan/ (you) learned
3rd singular masc	If ends with vowel: Suffix -q Else: Suffix -aːq lacaq /laːˈkaːq/ (he) learns	Suffix -a laca /laːˈka/ (he) learned
3rd singular fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -oej lacoej /ˈlaːkoej/ (she) learns	Suffix -aːp lacap /ˈlaːkaːp/ (she) learned
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ft Else: Suffix -iuft laciuft /laːˈkiuft/ (we) learn	Suffix -oend lacoend /ˈlaːkoend/ (we) learned
2nd plural	Suffix -au lacau /laːˈkau/ (you all) learn	Suffix -uf lacuf /ˈlaːkuf/ (you all) learned
3rd plural masc	Suffix -iotr laciotr /ˈlaːkiotr/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -eum laceum /ˈlaːkeum/ (they) learned
3rd plural fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃt Else: Suffix -eiʃt laceiʃt /ˈlaːkeiʃt/ (they) learn	Suffix -eːs laces /ˈlaːkeːs/ (they) learned

Tadheres uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ra - ra lac /ra laːk/ will learn

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Tadheres uses the word for ‘finish’ tram for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Tadheres has a base-10 number system:
1 - sceu
2 - lo
3 - ov
4 - no
5 - gre
6 - crorpo
7 - fim
8 - cru
9 - ci
10 - bosa
11 - bosa sa sceu “ten and one”
100 - sceu gretsau “one hundred”
101 - sceu gretsau sceu “one hundred one”
200 - lo gretsau
1000 - sceu occa “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -oesr
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -e
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ors
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -aːg
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -uːd
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rd Else: Suffix -uird
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -oej
Tending to = Suffix -ork
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -hr Else: Suffix -ohr
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -u
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -eil
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -iu
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mr Else: Suffix -amr
Augmentative = Suffix -io

Dictionary

4431 Words.