Taharjinat*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: RUHANDIC
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ti me bon te banue̯liem mecha ti te pʰeme eʈʂ ne eɕ atʰ
Pronunciation: tɪ mə boːn tə baːˈnue̯liːm ˈməçaː tɪ tə ˈpʰəmə əʈʂ nə əɕ aːtʰ
Taharjinat word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c cʰ d f g h j k kʰ l l̥ m n p pʰ s sʰ t tʰ t͡s t͡sʰ v w x z ç ŋ ɕ ɕʰ ɟ ɥ ɲ ɹ ɹ̥ ɾ ʁ ʂ ʂʰ ʃ ʈ ʈʰ ʎ ʔ ʦ ʧ χ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n				ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pʰ p b		t tʰ d		ʈʰ ʈ		cʰ c ɟ	k kʰ g		ʔ
Affricate			ʦ	ʧ
Fricative		f v	s sʰ z	ʃ	ʂʰ ʂ	ɕʰ ɕ	ç	x	χ ʁ	h
Approximant			ɹ̥ ɹ				j
Tap			ɾ
Lateral approximant			l l̥				ʎ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ	w

Vowel inventory: /ae̯ aː eː ia̯ iː oː ua̯ ue̯ uː ɔː ə ɛː ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: ae̯, ia̯, ua̯, ue̯

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛː		ɔː
Low	aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, h, j, k, kʰ, l, m, n, pʰ, s, t, tʰ, t͡s, t͡sʰ, x, ŋ, ɾ, ʃ, ʔ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, lt, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mp, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nd, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nl, nm, nst, nt, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nz, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, nʧ, p, pf, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, st, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tn, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, ç, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋk, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁ, ʁb, ʁd, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, χ
Word final consonants: c, cʰ, g, h, j, k, kʰ, l, l̥, m, n, p, pʰ, s, t, ts, tsʰ, tɕ, tɕʰ, tʰ, w, ɕ, ɟ, ɥ, ɲ, ɹ, ɹ̥, ʂ, ʈ, ʈʂ, ʈʂʰ, ʈʰ, ʎ, ʔ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• f → p / _t
• b → β / V_V
• h → w / #_
• g → h / _h

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
v	w
p	b / _#
t	dt / _#
ks	chs
x	ch
ç	ch
ʃ	sch
ʁ	r
z	s
ʦ	z
k	ck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
{m,b,l,t,n,p,s}	@@ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʦj	ti
ʦ	zt / _#
ʦ	z
iː	ie
ɛː	ä
ɛ	ä | e
œ	ö
aʊ	au
oː	o | oh | oo
ɔ	o
ɔʏ	eu
aɪ	ei | ai
yː	ü
ʏ	ü
uː	u | uh
ʊ	u
aː	a
ɐ	er / !_r
ɐ	e
ɪ	i
øː	ö
ø	ö
eː	ä | äh | e | eh | ee
ə	e
ʔ	∅

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
• Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).

Ergative	Suffix -ue̯ pʰuppʰue̯ /ˈpʰʊpʰue̯/ dog (doing the verb to something)
Absolutive	No affix pʰuppʰ /pʰʊpʰ/ dog (doing the verb, but not to something)

Articles

Taharjinat has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive
1st singular	t͡sʰe /t͡sʰə/ I	pʰi /pʰɪ/ me, I
2nd singular	bue̯dt /bue̯t/ you	choː /xɔː/ you
3rd singular masc	me /mə/ he, it	tem /təm/ him, it
3rd singular fem	t͡sue̯tʰ /t͡sue̯tʰ/ she, it	te /tə/ her, it
1st plural	mem /məm/ we	u /ʊ/ us, we
2nd plural	pʰe /pʰə/ you all	ten /tən/ you all
3rd plural masc	e /ə/ they (masc)	bä /bɛː/ them (masc), they (masc)
3rd plural fem	pʰetʰ /pʰətʰ/ they (fem)	be /bə/ them (fem), they (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	meɲ /məɲ/ my
2nd singular	li /lɪ/ your
3rd singular masc	te /tə/ his
3rd singular fem	mu /muː/ her
1st plural	tʰie /tʰiː/ our
2nd plural	eɲ /əɲ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	bia̯ /bia̯/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	iɲ /ɪɲ/ their (fem)

Verbs

Present	No affix pʰa /pʰaː/ learn
Past	Suffix -ɪn pʰainn /ˈpʰaːɪn/ learned
Remote past	Suffix -ɪj pʰaij /pʰaːˈɪj/ learned (long ago)

Taharjinat uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: tən - ten pʰa /tən pʰaː/ will learn

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Taharjinat uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aːm pʰam /pʰaːm/ have learned

Numbers

Taharjinat has a base-10 number system:
1 - kähʎ
2 - ia̯m
3 - i
4 - nä
5 - teh
6 - ubb
7 - hue̯meem
8 - t͡sʰe
9 - ae̯k
10 - moːn
11 - moːnkeeʎ “ten-one”
100 - uh “hundred”
101 - u ti keʎ “hundred and one”
200 - ia̯m u
1000 - bug “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʰ Else: Suffix -ʊtʰ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -oːh
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹ Else: Suffix -ɔːɹ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -tʰ Else: Suffix -ɪtʰ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -uːm Noun to verb = Suffix -ʊm
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pʰ Else: Suffix -oːpʰ
Tending to = Suffix -ʊ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -iː
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʈ Else: Suffix -aːʈ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -iːn
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -əc
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ia̯p
Augmentative = Suffix -aː

Dictionary

4431 Words.