Tamaindarran*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: hint me elank yelliz kot benses hint sunse kot haghù mught ma peg
Pronunciation: /hint me ˈelank jeˈlliz kot ˈbenses hint ˈsunse kot hagˈhy mught ma peg
Tamaindarran word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h j k l m n ñ p r s t v w z/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n ñ
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g
Fricative		f v	s z			h
Approximant				j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ù y yy/
Diphthongs: yy

	Front	Back
High	i y	u ù
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, c, ch, d, dh, dl, dr, f, fl, fr, g, gr, gw, h, hw, j, k, l, m, n, nd, p, r, s, sh, sk, sp, t, th, v, vr, w, wl, z
Mid-word consonants: b, cc, d, dh, dr, g, gh, l, ll, mdh, mm, mpt, n, nn, ns, nt, r, rg, rn, rv, s, sh, st, t, v, wls, ws, z
Word final consonants: c, d, dh, g, gh, ght, l, ll, m, mp, n, nk, ns, nt, nv, ñs, ñv, r, rth, s, sh, sht, t, tch, th, v, w, z, zh
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• e → i / j_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
y	ù
j	y
c	chy

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: sa - sa ferna /sa ˈferna/ dogs

Articles

Definite	dle /dle/ the
Indefinite	o /o/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	hin /hin/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	dho /dho/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	me /me/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	shu /shu/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	a /a/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	shù /shy/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	pe /pe/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	fli /fli/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	dhir /dhir/ my
2nd singular	ha /ha/ your
3rd singular masc	kot /kot/ his
3rd singular fem	mens /mens/ her
1st plural	dù /dy/ our
2nd plural	pent /pent/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	la /la/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	he /he/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	Prefix shy- shùshùrnurne /shysˈhùrnurˌne/ (I) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix ch- Else: Prefix cha- chyhashùrnurne /ˈchashùrˌnurne/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -gh Else: Suffix -ogh shùrnurnegh /ˈshùrnurnegh/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -uv shùrnurnev /shùrˈnurnev/ (you) learn	Prefix u- ushùrnurne /ˈushùrˌnurne/ (you) learned	Prefix o- oshùrnurne /osˈhùrnurˌne/ (you) will learn
3rd singular masc	Suffix -a shùrnurnea /ˈshùrnurˌnea/ (he) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nk Else: Suffix -ink shùrnurnenk /ˈshùrnurnenk/ (he) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ar shùrnurner /shùrˈnurner/ (he) will learn
3rd singular fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -zh Else: Suffix -uzh shùrnurnezh /shùrˈnurnezh/ (she) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -el shùrnurnel /ˈshùrnurnel/ (she) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma- mashùrnurne /masˈhùrnurˌne/ (she) will learn
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ot shùrnurnet /ˈshùrnurnet/ (we) learn	Suffix -e shùrnurnee /ˈshùrnurˌnee/ (we) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spu- spushùrnurne /ˈspushùrˌnurne/ (we) will learn
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -ig shùrnurneg /ˈshùrnurneg/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -en shùrnurnen /ˈshùrnurnen/ (you all) learned	Prefix a- ashùrnurne /ˈashùrˌnurne/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural masc	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nk Else: Suffix -onk shùrnurnenk /shùrˈnurnenk/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ol shùrnurnel /ˈshùrnurnel/ (they) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es shùrnurnes /ˈshùrnurnes/ (they) will learn
3rd plural fem	Suffix -in shùrnurnein /ˈshùrnurˌnein/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -yr shùrnurner /ˈshùrnurner/ (they) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ght Else: Suffix -aght shùrnurneght /ˈshùrnurneght/ (they) will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Tamaindarran uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: wur - wur shùrnurne /wur shùrˈnurne/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Tamaindarran uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix a- ashùrnurne /asˈhùrnurˌne/ have learned

Numbers

Tamaindarran has a base-10 number system:
1 - mos
2 - mow
3 - e
4 - ra
5 - histon
6 - nù
7 - mudegh
8 - tadre
9 - ha
10 - dle
11 - mos hint dle “one and ten”
100 - yel “hundred”
101 - yel hint mos “hundred and one”
200 - mow yel
1000 - dot “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -c Else: Suffix -ec
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spy-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ol
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -a
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix fr- Else: Prefix fri-
Noun to verb = Suffix -eg
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -e
Tending to = Suffix -e
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix y-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -el
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -on
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ght Else: Suffix -aght
Diminutive = Suffix -as
Augmentative = Suffix -o

Dictionary

4428 Words.