Tavulokki*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

---

"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ezh me sida hela kot dùdel ezh dabor kot dazi dodeg hor lavo
Pronunciation: ezh me siˈda ˈhela kot dùˈdel ezh ˈdabor kot daˈzi doˈdeg hor laˈvo
Tavulokki word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c d g h k l m n ñ p r s t v w z/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n ñ
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g
Fricative		v	s z			h
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a ae ai e i o u ù y/
Diphthongs: ae, ai

	Front	Back
High	i y	u ù
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, c, cl, d, dl, dr, g, gr, h, hw, k, l, m, n, r, s, t, v, w, z
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dhr, hv, kk, l, mpt, nt, r, st, v, z
Word final consonants: c, g, l, mp, n, nt, nv, ñs, ñv, r, s, t, v, z, zh
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• e → i / j_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
y	ù
j	y
c	chy

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: sa - sa nomp /sa nomp/ dogs

Articles

Definite	dle /dle/ the
Indefinite	o /o/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	hin /hin/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	dho /dho/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	me /me/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	shu /shu/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	a /a/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	shù /shy/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	pe /pe/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	fli /fli/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	dhir /dhir/ my
2nd singular	ha /ha/ your
3rd singular masc	kot /kot/ his
3rd singular fem	mens /mens/ her
1st plural	dù /dy/ our
2nd plural	pent /pent/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	la /la/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	he /he/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	Prefix shy- shùlare /shyˈlare/ (I) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix ch- Else: Prefix cha- chyhalare /chalaˈre/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -gh Else: Suffix -ogh laregh /laˈregh/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -uv larev /laˈrev/ (you) learn	Prefix u- ulare /uˈlare/ (you) learned	Prefix o- olare /oˈlare/ (you) will learn
3rd singular masc	Suffix -a larea /laˈrea/ (he) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nk Else: Suffix -ink larenk /laˈrenk/ (he) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ar larer /laˈrer/ (he) will learn
3rd singular fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -zh Else: Suffix -uzh larezh /ˈlarezh/ (she) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -el larel /laˈrel/ (she) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma- malare /maˈlare/ (she) will learn
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ot laret /laˈret/ (we) learn	Suffix -e laree /lareˈe/ (we) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spu- spulare /spuˈlare/ (we) will learn
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -ig lareg /ˈlareg/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -en laren /ˈlaren/ (you all) learned	Prefix a- alare /aˈlare/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural masc	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nk Else: Suffix -onk larenk /ˈlarenk/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ol larel /ˈlarel/ (they) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es lares /ˈlares/ (they) will learn
3rd plural fem	Suffix -in larein /lareˈin/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -yr larer /ˈlarer/ (they) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ght Else: Suffix -aght lareght /ˈlareght/ (they) will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Tavulokki uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: wur - wur lare /wur laˈre/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Tavulokki uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix a- alare /aˈlare/ have learned

Numbers

Tavulokki has a base-10 number system:
1 - bet
2 - at
3 - or
4 - he
5 - hit
6 - dli
7 - dolat
8 - va
9 - he
10 - nor
11 - bet ezh nor “one and ten”
100 - ola “hundred”
101 - ola ezh bet “hundred and one”
200 - at ola
1000 - hel “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -c Else: Suffix -ec
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spy-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ol
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -a
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix fr- Else: Prefix fri-
Noun to verb = Suffix -eg
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -e
Tending to = Suffix -e
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix y-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -el
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -on
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ght Else: Suffix -agh
Diminutive = Suffix -ash
Augmentative = Suffix -o

Dictionary

4431 Words.