Repstogian

Natively known as: repstog /ˈrepstoɣ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
daw rês grawb glaw ve og daw dubza ve pyumfla kstêf krêt taba
Pronunciation: /dɔ ɾɛs ɣɾɔb ɣlɔ ve oɣ dɔ ˈdubza ve ˈpjumfla kstɛf kɾɛt ˈtaba/
Repstogian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f j k l m p s t v w z ɣ ɾ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m
Stop	p b		t d		k
Fricative		f v	s z		ɣ
Approximant				j
Tap			ɾ
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ɔ ɛ/

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, d, df, dj, dl, dv, dvj, dɾ, f, fj, fl, fɾ, j, k, ks, kst, kɾ, l, lj, m, ml, mɾ, p, pj, pɾj, s, sj, t, tsv, v, vj, w, zl, ɣ, ɣl, ɣɾ, ɾ
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bs, bst, bt, bvj, bw, bz, d, db, dd, df, dj, dkw, dm, ds, dw, dɾ, f, fd, ff, fj, fk, fm, fp, fst, ftl, ftw, fɣ, j, jb, jd, jf, jj, jk, js, jsk, jt, jvj, k, kb, kd, kk, kkj, kkw, km, ksf, ksj, ksk, ksm, ksp, kst, ksw, ktf, ktl, kts, kv, kɾ, l, lb, ldf, ldl, lf, lfd, lfm, lft, lkj, llv, lm, lp, lpf, lpl, ls, lsk, lst, ltj, lts, ltz, lw, m, mbj, mbl, md, mfl, mft, ml, mm, mpf, mpj, mpl, mpt, mst, mt, mɾ, p, pj, plw, ppl, ps, psj, pst, pt, pv, pw, pz, pɾj, s, sj, sk, skj, skl, skv, sp, spj, spl, ss, st, stf, stj, stk, stl, stm, stv, stw, sv, sz, sɾ, t, tbl, td, tf, tj, tl, tlm, tm, tsd, tsj, tsm, tst, tt, tts, tɾ, v, vj, vm, vɾ, w, wb, wk, wl, wp, wts, wtɾ, wz, wɾ, z, zdv, zk, zl, zm, zw, ɣ, ɣj, ɣm, ɣw, ɣɾ, ɾ, ɾd, ɾj, ɾm, ɾs, ɾt
Word final consonants: b, d, f, l, m, p, s, t, z, ɣ, ɾ


Phonological changes (in order of application):

• f → p / _t
• s → ɾ / #_
• d → ɾ / V_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɔ	aw
ɛ	ê
j	y
ɾ	r
ɣ	g

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Singular	No affix dfar /dfaɾ/ dog
Plural	Prefix a- adfar /ˈadfaɾ/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	e /e/ the	bam /bam/ a
Plural	bag /baɣ/ the	fya /fja/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’

Pronouns

1st singular	bad /bad/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	kstêf /kstɛf/ you, yours
3rd singular	rês /ɾɛs/ he, she, him, her, his, hers, it, its
1st plural	fle /fle/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	fyat /fjat/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	mroz /mɾoz/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	kstêm /kstɛm/ my
2nd singular	fêl /fɛl/ your
3rd singular	ve /ve/ his, her, its
1st plural	me /me/ our
2nd plural	dfê /dfɛ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	dle /dle/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix krêg /kɾɛɣ/ learn
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix ve- vekrêg /ˈvekɾɛɣ/ learned
Remote past	Prefix ɛ- êkrêg /ˈɛkɾɛɣ/ learned (long ago)
Future	Prefix dvju- dvyukrêg /ˈdvjukɾɛɣ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect


The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).


Repstogian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix o- okrêg /ˈokɾɛɣ/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect


The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.


Repstogian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix ta- takrêg /ˈtakɾɛɣ/ have learned

Numbers

Repstogian has a base-20 number system:


1 - om
2 - dye
3 - fya
4 - a
5 - ku
6 - fril
7 - glub
8 - dfêfe
9 - dfa
10 - po
11 - mrome
12 - rêkskaw
13 - tafo
14 - blofstêlkyiz
15 - krêkde
16 - vekka
17 - fyampte
18 - mlikvaw
19 - opti
20 - bligmêbaw
21 - om daw bligmêbaw “one and twenty”
400 - ksawmawfya “fourhundred”
401 - ksawmawfya daw om “fourhundred and one”
800 - dye ksawmawfya “two fourhundred”
8000 - fyaktfa “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix wo-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix du-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix dj-
Else: Prefix dja-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix du-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix u-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix sɛ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix po-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix bl-
Else: Prefix bli-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix fj-
Else: Prefix fja-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix o-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix w-
Else: Prefix wo-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ks-
Else: Prefix ksu-
Diminutive = Prefix bli-
Augmentative = Prefix u-

Phonetics

Consonant inventory: /b d f j k l m p s t v w z ɣ ɾ/ Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ɔ ɛ/ Syllable structure: (C)(C)(C)V(C) Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable Word initial consonants: b, bl, d, df, dj, dl, dv, dvj, dɾ, f, fj, fl, fɾ, j, k, ks, kst, kɾ, l, lj, m, ml, mɾ, p, pj, pɾj, s, sj, t, tsv, v, vj, w, zl, ɣ, ɣl, ɣɾ, ɾ Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bs, bst, bt, bvj, bw, bz, d, db, dd, df, dj, dkw, dm, ds, dw, dɾ, f, fd, ff, fj, fk, fm, fp, fst, ftl, ftw, fɣ, j, jb, jd, jf, jj, jk, js, jsk, jt, jvj, k, kb, kd, kk, kkj, kkw, km, ksf, ksj, ksk, ksm, ksp, kst, ksw, ktf, ktl, kts, kv, kɾ, l, lb, ldf, ldl, lf, lfd, lfm, lft, lkj, llv, lm, lp, lpf, lpl, ls, lsk, lst, ltj, lts, ltz, lw, m, mbj, mbl, md, mfl, mft, ml, mm, mpf, mpj, mpl, mpt, mst, mt, mɾ, p, pj, plw, ppl, ps, psj, pst, pt, pv, pw, pz, pɾj, s, sj, sk, skj, skl, skv, sp, spj, spl, ss, st, stf, stj, stk, stl, stm, stv, stw, sv, sz, sɾ, t, tbl, td, tf, tj, tl, tlm, tm, tsd, tsj, tsm, tst, tt, tts, tɾ, v, vj, vm, vɾ, w, wb, wk, wl, wp, wts, wtɾ, wz, wɾ, z, zdv, zk, zl, zm, zw, ɣ, ɣj, ɣm, ɣw, ɣɾ, ɾ, ɾd, ɾj, ɾm, ɾs, ɾt Word final consonants: b, d, f, l, m, p, s, t, z, ɣ, ɾ

Dictionary

3371 Words.