Lacillan
Natively known as: Kngai kŋai
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ū sbī doim’ ūwk thentai as ū ūwk ōdjaurch neimī tal’ tal’ szu
Pronunciation: uː sbiː doimʔ uːwk thenˈtai as uː uːwk oːdˈʤauɹʧ neiˈmiː talʔ talʔ szu
Kngai word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to Spelling & Phonology Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s sh t th v w z ð ŋ ɹ ʃ ʋ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ θ ↓Manner/Place→ Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Stop p b t d k g ʔ Affricate ʧ ʤ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Approximant ʋ ɹ j w Lateral approximant l Vowel inventory: /a ae ai ao au aː e ei eu eː i iu iː o oi ou oː u uː Diphthongs: ae, ai, ao, au, ei, eu, iu, oi, ou
[tbody] Front Back High i iː u uː High-mid e eː o oː Low a aː Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɹ, d, f, fɹ, g, gl, h, j, k, kw, kŋ, kʔ, l, m, n, p, s, sb, sf, sh, sk, st, sz, sŋ, sh, t, tɹ, th, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ɹ, ʃ, ʃɹ, ʋ, ʒ, ʔ, ʔb, ʔd, ʔs, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bt, bɹ, d, dʤ, f, fɹ, g, gl, gm, h, j, jk, k, kp, kt, l, lk, lʧ, m, mb, n, nd, ng, nh, nt, nz, p, pl, pt, s, sp, sh, t, tg, tk, tw, th, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ŋh, ɹ, ɹd, ɹn, ɹs, ʃ, ʋ, ʒ, ʔ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Word final consonants: b, bl, d, ds, f, g, h, js, jʃ, k, ks, kt, l, ld, ls, lz, lʔ, lʤ, m, mp, mʔ, n, ng, nt, nʤ, p, pl, pt, s, sk, sh, t, th, v, vd, vl, w, wp, wt, wŋ, wʔ, ŋ, ŋk, ŋn, ŋʔ, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹk, ɹm, ɹn, ɹs, ɹt, ɹʧ, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃn, ʋ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, θ Phonological changes (in order of application): j → Ø / #_ l → d / #_VC ŋ → w / _C Spelling rules: Pronunciation Spelling j y ð dh ŋ ng ɹ r ʃ sh ʋ v̀ ʒ zh ʔ ’ ʤ j ʧ ch ː macron over vowel θ th Grammar Main word order: Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Noun Singular Plural Masculine No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai If starts with vowel: Prefix th-
Else: Prefix thoi-
thoishaetgai thoishˈaetgai Feminine No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai If starts with vowel: Prefix ŋ-
Else: Prefix ŋau-
ngaushaetgai ŋaushˈaetgai Neuter No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai Prefix moː-
mōshaetgai moːshˈaetgai Nouns have seven cases: Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog. Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man. Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog. Locative is the location of something: man walks to town. Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town. Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen. Nominative No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai Accusative Prefix bu-
bushaetgai bushˈaetgai Genitive Prefix ta-
tashaetgai tashˈaetgai Dative Prefix ei-
eishaetgai eishˈaetgai Locative If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix liː-
dīshaetgai diːshˈaetgai Ablative If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix dau-
daushaetgai daushˈaetgai Instrumental Prefix ai-
aishaetgai aishˈaetgai Articles Definite Indefinite Singular dau dau
the hao hao
a Plural briu bɹiu
the sngi sŋi
some Pronouns Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Locative Ablative Instrumental 1st singular v̀i ʋi
I rū ɹuː
me sngi sŋi
my, mine ’bōk ʔboːk
to me naom naom shi shi shrī ʃɹiː 2nd singular ol ol
you dhīnj ðiːnʤ
you szu szu
your, yours trōp tɹoːp
to you naezh naeʒ i i zho ʒo 3rd singular masc sbī sbiː
he, it ōrs oːɹs
him, it ūwk uːwk
his, its kngē kŋeː
to him sheks sheks blā blaː shī shiː 3rd singular fem ’aezh ʔaeʒ
she, it poim poim
her, it ī iː
her, hers, its dev dev
to her sfu sfu fri fɹi hū huː 1st plural ’būm ʔbuːm
we mi mi
us thekt thekt
our, ours kau kau
to us thoim thoim poiw’ poiwʔ sbesh sbeʃ 2nd plural thā thaː
you (all) mōnt moːnt
you (all) haon haon
your, yours (all) shewn shewn
to you (all) hūch huːʧ sfo sfo thao thao 3rd plural masc glai glai
they (masculine) ai ai
them (masculine) u u
their, theirs (masculine) trai tɹai
to them (masculine) delz delz tho tho sfal’ sfalʔ 3rd plural fem au au
they (feminine) zhewp ʒewp
them (feminine) shep shep
their, theirs (feminine) sfals sfals
to them (feminine) mabl mabl gē geː ’dath ʔdath Verbs Present No affix
map map Past Prefix bɹou-
broumap bɹouˈmap Future Prefix u-
umap uˈmap Perfect aspect Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. In Kngai, the perfect is constructed with an affix Perfect Prefix ou-
oumap ouˈmap Derivational morphology Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʃɹiː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix i-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix meː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix iː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix eː-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix egm-
Else: Prefix egmaː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʃae-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix keː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sh-
Else: Prefix sha-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix kwae-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix atg-
Else: Prefix atgu-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix huː-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix up-
Else: Prefix upoi-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ-
Else: Prefix ʤa-
ū sbī doim’ ūwk thentai as ū ūwk ōdjaurch neimī tal’ tal’ szu
Pronunciation: uː sbiː doimʔ uːwk thenˈtai as uː uːwk oːdˈʤauɹʧ neiˈmiː talʔ talʔ szu
Kngai word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to Spelling & Phonology Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s sh t th v w z ð ŋ ɹ ʃ ʋ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ θ ↓Manner/Place→ Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Stop p b t d k g ʔ Affricate ʧ ʤ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Approximant ʋ ɹ j w Lateral approximant l Vowel inventory: /a ae ai ao au aː e ei eu eː i iu iː o oi ou oː u uː Diphthongs: ae, ai, ao, au, ei, eu, iu, oi, ou
[tbody] Front Back High i iː u uː High-mid e eː o oː Low a aː Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɹ, d, f, fɹ, g, gl, h, j, k, kw, kŋ, kʔ, l, m, n, p, s, sb, sf, sh, sk, st, sz, sŋ, sh, t, tɹ, th, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ɹ, ʃ, ʃɹ, ʋ, ʒ, ʔ, ʔb, ʔd, ʔs, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bt, bɹ, d, dʤ, f, fɹ, g, gl, gm, h, j, jk, k, kp, kt, l, lk, lʧ, m, mb, n, nd, ng, nh, nt, nz, p, pl, pt, s, sp, sh, t, tg, tk, tw, th, v, w, z, ð, ŋ, ŋh, ɹ, ɹd, ɹn, ɹs, ʃ, ʋ, ʒ, ʔ, ʤ, ʧ, θ
Word final consonants: b, bl, d, ds, f, g, h, js, jʃ, k, ks, kt, l, ld, ls, lz, lʔ, lʤ, m, mp, mʔ, n, ng, nt, nʤ, p, pl, pt, s, sk, sh, t, th, v, vd, vl, w, wp, wt, wŋ, wʔ, ŋ, ŋk, ŋn, ŋʔ, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹk, ɹm, ɹn, ɹs, ɹt, ɹʧ, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃn, ʋ, ʒ, ʤ, ʧ, θ Phonological changes (in order of application): j → Ø / #_ l → d / #_VC ŋ → w / _C Spelling rules: Pronunciation Spelling j y ð dh ŋ ng ɹ r ʃ sh ʋ v̀ ʒ zh ʔ ’ ʤ j ʧ ch ː macron over vowel θ th Grammar Main word order: Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Noun Singular Plural Masculine No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai If starts with vowel: Prefix th-
Else: Prefix thoi-
thoishaetgai thoishˈaetgai Feminine No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai If starts with vowel: Prefix ŋ-
Else: Prefix ŋau-
ngaushaetgai ŋaushˈaetgai Neuter No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai Prefix moː-
mōshaetgai moːshˈaetgai Nouns have seven cases: Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog. Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man. Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog. Locative is the location of something: man walks to town. Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town. Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen. Nominative No affix
shaetgai shaetˈgai Accusative Prefix bu-
bushaetgai bushˈaetgai Genitive Prefix ta-
tashaetgai tashˈaetgai Dative Prefix ei-
eishaetgai eishˈaetgai Locative If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix liː-
dīshaetgai diːshˈaetgai Ablative If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix dau-
daushaetgai daushˈaetgai Instrumental Prefix ai-
aishaetgai aishˈaetgai Articles Definite Indefinite Singular dau dau
the hao hao
a Plural briu bɹiu
the sngi sŋi
some Pronouns Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Locative Ablative Instrumental 1st singular v̀i ʋi
I rū ɹuː
me sngi sŋi
my, mine ’bōk ʔboːk
to me naom naom shi shi shrī ʃɹiː 2nd singular ol ol
you dhīnj ðiːnʤ
you szu szu
your, yours trōp tɹoːp
to you naezh naeʒ i i zho ʒo 3rd singular masc sbī sbiː
he, it ōrs oːɹs
him, it ūwk uːwk
his, its kngē kŋeː
to him sheks sheks blā blaː shī shiː 3rd singular fem ’aezh ʔaeʒ
she, it poim poim
her, it ī iː
her, hers, its dev dev
to her sfu sfu fri fɹi hū huː 1st plural ’būm ʔbuːm
we mi mi
us thekt thekt
our, ours kau kau
to us thoim thoim poiw’ poiwʔ sbesh sbeʃ 2nd plural thā thaː
you (all) mōnt moːnt
you (all) haon haon
your, yours (all) shewn shewn
to you (all) hūch huːʧ sfo sfo thao thao 3rd plural masc glai glai
they (masculine) ai ai
them (masculine) u u
their, theirs (masculine) trai tɹai
to them (masculine) delz delz tho tho sfal’ sfalʔ 3rd plural fem au au
they (feminine) zhewp ʒewp
them (feminine) shep shep
their, theirs (feminine) sfals sfals
to them (feminine) mabl mabl gē geː ’dath ʔdath Verbs Present No affix
map map Past Prefix bɹou-
broumap bɹouˈmap Future Prefix u-
umap uˈmap Perfect aspect Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. In Kngai, the perfect is constructed with an affix Perfect Prefix ou-
oumap ouˈmap Derivational morphology Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʃɹiː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix i-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix meː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix iː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix eː-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix egm-
Else: Prefix egmaː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʃae-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix keː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sh-
Else: Prefix sha-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix kwae-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix atg-
Else: Prefix atgu-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix huː-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix up-
Else: Prefix upoi-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ-
Else: Prefix ʤa-
Comments