Ituur

Natively known as: ituur /ˈituːr/

Ituur is an agglutinative language, meaning it primarily uses affixes in its morphology and conjugation.

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d g h j k l m n p q r s t v z ʃ ʒ χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g	q
Fricative		v	s z	ʃ ʒ			χ	h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: e uː ɒ əʊ̯ ɪ ʊ ʌ ɑː
Diphthongs: aʊ̯ əʊ̯ eɪ oʊ

	Front	Back
High		uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	e
Low-mid		ʌ
Low		ɒ ɑː

Syllable structure: (C)V(C)
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable, UNLESS there is one or more suffix, in which case the stress is on the first syllable of the suffix.
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʌ	a
ɑː	aa
ɪ	i
ɒ	o
aʊ̯	au
əʊ	ou
eɪ	ae
ʊ	u
uː	uu
ʃ	sh
ʒ	zh
q	kh
θ	th
ð	ᵺ

Pronunciation:

Phoneme	Pronunciation	Notes
θ (th as in "think")	t or d
ð (th as in "the")	s or z
ʧ (ch as in "church")	ts
ʤ (j as in "jump")	dz

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Grammar

Main word order: Object Subject Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into The door Mary opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Yes	an /ʌn/
No	silut /sɪlʊt/

Nouns

Singular	No affix vir /vɪr/ man
Plural	Suffix -ku virku /vɪrkʊ/ men

Adjectives

Positioned after the noun through use of suffix.

	Affix	Example
Adjective	Suffix -dubro /-dʊbrɒ/ mean	virdubro /vɪrdʊbrɒ/ mean man
Adverb	Suffix -š /-ʃ/ -dubroš /-dʊbrɒʃ/ meanly	vuu + ši + dubroš vuušidubroš /vuːʃdʊbrɒʃ/ to speak meanly
Comparitive	Suffix -ak /-ʌk/ -dubrokak /dʊbrɒkʌk/ meaner, more mean	na-virdubrokak /dʊbrɒkʌk/ a meaner man
Superlative	Suffix -akš /-ʌkʃ/ -dubrokakš /dʊbrɒkʌkʃ/ meanest, the most mean	ur-virdubrokakš /vɪrdʊbrɒkʌkʃ/ the meanest man
Negative	Suffix -sil /-sɪl/ in-, un-, non-, etc.	dubrosil /dʊbrɒsɪl/ not mean

If adjective ends with a vowel and suffix starts with a vowl, add k before suffix:
e.g. višu [kind] + -ak [suffix: comparitive]
višukak /vɪʃʊkʌk/
kinder
If adjective ends with the same vowel as the start of the suffix, the word is shortened to accomodate:
e.g. nikha [strong] + -akš[suffix: superlative]
nikhakš /nɪqʌkʃ/
strongest

Postpositions

Word	Affix	Example
in (region/space/object)	Suffix -uur /-uːr/	na-skatumuur /nʌ-skʌtʊmuːr/ in a tent Isturothuur /ɪstʊrɒtuːr/ in Isturoth
at/near/by (place/landmark)	Suffix -kal /-kʌl/	na-balrikal /nʌ-bʌlrɪkʌl/ at the farm
on (surface/object)	Suffix -ir /-ɪr/	ur-jokhazir /ʊr-jɒqʌzɪr/ on the mountain
of/from (originated from a place/person)	Suffix -jal /jʌn/	Isturoth-jal /ɪstʊrɒt-jʌl/ from Isturoth
at (time)	Suffix -ma /mʌ/	zišama /zɪʃʌmʌ/ at sunset
to (going towards a place)	Suffix -tuk /tʊk/	ur-skatumtuk /ʊr-skʌtʊmtʊk/ to the tent
from (come from a place)	Suffix -kut /kʊt/	ur-solaškut /ʊr-sɒlʌʃkʊt/ from the town

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite	Demonstrative
Singular	Prefix ur- ur-vir /ʊr-vɪr/ the man	Prefix na- na-vir /nʌ-vɪr/ a man	Prefix vi- vi-vir /vɪ-vɪr/ this/that man
Plural	Prefix urzh- urzh-virku /ʊrʒ-vɪrkʊ/ the men	Prefix nazh- nazh-virku /nʌʒ-vɪrkʊ/ some men, multiple men	Prefix vizh- vizh-virku /vɪʒ-vɪrkʊ/ these/those men

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used for languages: ‘The Ituur’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, as opposed to specific meaning ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

Pronouns

All pronouns in Ituur are used for nominative and objective cases, while possessive (genitive) use the possessive determiners below.
E.g. I/me but not my, he/him but not his, etc.

1st singular	kol /kɒl/ I, me
2nd singular	lok /lɒk/ you
1st plural	kolku /kɒlku/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	loku /lɒkʊ/ you all
3rd singular / plural	mak /mʌk/ he, him, she, her, it, they, them

Possessive determiners

	Possessive	Example
1st singular	Suffix -kos /-kɒs/ my/mine	virkukos /vɪrkʊkɒs/ my men
2nd singular	Suffix -los /-lɒs/ your/yours	virkulos /vɪrkʊlɒs/ your men
1st plural	Suffix -kosku /-kkɒs/ our/ours	virkukosku /vɪrkʊkɒskʊ/ our men
2nd plural	Suffix -losku /-lɒskʊ/ your/yours	virkulosku /vɪrkʊlɒskʊ/ your men
3rd singular / plural	Suffix -mas /-mʌs/ his, her/hers, its, their/theirs	virkumas /vɪrkʊmʌs/ their/his/her men
Nouns singular / plural	Suffix -ma /-lʌ/ one's / something's	urzhvirkuma... /ʊrʒvɪrkʊmʌ/ the mens'... Kaskama... /kʌskʌmʌ/ Kaska's...

Verbs

Most verbs end in a consonant, so as to easily allow for conjugational suffixes. Both singular and plural verbs are the same.

	Simple	Perfect	Progressive	P. Progressive
	a fact	a completed action	an ongoing action	the end of an ongoing action
Present	No affix nak /nʌk/ walk/walks	(Same as simple.) nak /nʌk/ have/has walked	? ? am/is/are walking	? ? has/have been walking
Past	Suffix -azh nakazh /nʌkaʒ/ walked	(Same as simple.) nakazh /nʌkaʒ/ had walked	? ? was/were walking	? ? had been walking
Future	Suffix -ok nakok /nʌkɒk/ will walk	Suffix -ok + -azh nakokazh /nʌkɒkaʒ/ will have walked	? ? will be walking	? ? will have been walking

If verb ends with a vowel, add k before suffix:
e.g. vuu [speak] + -azh [suffix: past tense]
vuukazh /vuːkaʒ/
spoke

Infinitives

Verbs that refer to actions that are not actually taking place, e.g. to walk, to learn, to run, etc.

Infinitive

Suffix -ši nakši /nʌkʃɪ/ to walk

Numbers

Ituur has a base-15 number system:
1 - kuut
2 - es
3 - us
4 - suur
5 - sauv
6 - mokh
7 - naš
8 - hab
9 - ša
10 - kouv
11 - zhak
12 - jaz
13 - uš
14 - sev
15 - jul
225 - rub
3375 - šulk

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -š
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -əʊ̯
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ʌk
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ʌ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ʌs
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -ʊs
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -ɒs
Tending to = Suffix -uːp
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uː
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ʌk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ʌp
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɒt
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -ɒm
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -ʌs

Dictionary

1 Words.

Common Female Names

Kaska, Githri, etc.