Heshian

Heshian^listen is chief language used within the Heshian Syndicate and also serves as a common trade language throughout the Sora.

Natively known as: Heshian /ˈHeʃːiɛn/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ciel nisc strel pren be rincuol ciel riio be sionʦo batʦii uo riio^listen
Pronunciation: /ʧel niʃ strɛl pren be ˈrinkwɔl ʧel ˈrijo be ˈsjonʦo ˈbatʦji wo ˈrijo/
Heshian word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ɲ ʃ ʎ ʤ ʦ ʧ/

↓Manner/ Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d
Affricate			ʦ	ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ
Approximant
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l
↓Manner/ Place→	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	ɲ
Stop		k g
Fricative				h
Approximant	j		w
Lateral approximant	ʎ

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ɔ ɛ/

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a

Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bw, d, dz, f, gr, gw, h, k, kw, l, m, mj, n, nj, nw, p, pj, pr, r, s, sj, sk, st, str, sʧ, t, tr, v, vj, w, ʎ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dr, dz, f, g, h, j, k, l, lk, lt, ltr, m, mb, mp, n, nd, nk, nkw, nsj, nt, ntr, nʤ, nʦ, p, r, rd, rj, rk, rl, rn, rt, rʦ, st, str, t, tʦ, tʦj, tʧ, v, z, ɲ, ʃ, ʎ, ʤ, ʧ
Word final consonants: l, n, r, ʃ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• {n,l} → [+palatal] / _C
• k → Ø / V_V
• P → p / r_
• b → m / V_V
• d → r / V_V
• s → h / V_V
• s → h / V_V
• o → ɔ / _N
• S → Ø / #_F

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
dz	z
j	i
k	c
ts	z
w	u
z	s
ɔ	o
ɛ	e
ɲ	gn
ʃ	sc
ʎ	gli
ʤ	g
ʧ	x at the end of a word, else ci

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Grammar

Main word order: Verb-Subject-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Noun

Singular	No affix rido /ˈrido/
Plural	Prefix re- rerido /ˈrerido/

Nouns have seven cases:
Ergative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man
The ergative affix only appears if there is an absolutive in the sentence
Absolutive is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog
Absolutives are always no affix
Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man
Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog
Locative is the location of something: man walks to town
Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town
Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen

Ergative	Prefix ʤa- garido /ˈʤarido/
Absolutive	No affix rido /ˈrido/
Genitive	Prefix i- irido /ˈirido/
Dative	Prefix a- arido /ˈarido/
Locative	Prefix u- urido /ˈurido/
Ablative	If starts with vowel: Prefix gr- Else: Prefix gru- grurido /ˈgrurido/
Instrumental	Prefix ɛ- erido /ˈɛrido/

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	scu /sku/ the	uo /wo/ a
Plural	fi /fi/ the	do /dɔ/ some

Pronouns

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular
Ergative	dsesc /dzɛʃ/ I	fi /fi/ you	strel /strɛl/ he, she, it
Absolutive	mii /mji/ me	cosc /kɔʃ/ you	nuo /nwɔ/ him, her, it
Genitive	vio /vjo/ my, mine	i /i/ your, yours	be /be/ his, her, hers, its
Dative	pa /pa/ to me	ban /ban/ to you	ber /ber/ to him/her
Locative	risc /riʃ/	fel /fel/	scur /skur/
Ablative	gel /ʤel/	siosc /sjoʃ/	do /dɔ/
Instrumental	lan /lan/	o /o/	cuel /kwɛl/

	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Ergative	sto /stɔ/ we	ge /ʤe/ you (all)	scu /sku/ they
Absolutive	tre /tre/ us	miisc /mjiʃ/ you (all)	tar /tar/ them
Genitive	dsal /dzal/ our, ours	rel /rel/ your, yours (all)	a /a/ their, theirs
Dative	dsen /dzɛn/ to us	du /du/ to you (all)	uo /wo/ to them
Locative	bal /bal/	vi /vi/	guo /gwɔ/
Ablative	pia /pja/	hu /hu/	prar /prar/
Instrumental	e /e/	pre /pre/	ciesc /ʧeʃ/

Verbs

Present	No affix tahe /ˈtahe/
Past	Prefix nju- niutahe /ˈnjutahe/
Future	Prefix bwo- buotahe /ˈbwotahe/

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying,
and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).

It is indicated with the word:

Imperfect particle

cua /kwa/ imperfect particle

Perfect aspect

Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’,
which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken
but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.

In heʃːiɛn, the perfect is constructed with an affix

Perfect

Prefix kwɛ- cuetahe /ˈkwɛtahe/

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix dzɛ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ard-
Else: Prefix ardi-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix urd-
Else: Prefix urdi-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɔlk-
Else: Prefix ɔlkɔ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix o-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix str-
Else: Prefix strɛ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix nw-
Else: Prefix nwɛ-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-
Else: Prefix re-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix o-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ep-
Else: Prefix epe-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix dɔ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix la-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix ert-
Else: Prefix ertɔ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ink-
Else: Prefix inku-

Dictionary

4282 Words.