Dråmguian

Natively known as: dråmgu /ˈdrɑmgu/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
yu ga bomfå osyu pyet dyib yu du pyet who nir̈ går̈bek er̈
Pronunciation: /ju ga ˈbomfɑ ˈosju pjet djib ju du pjet who niɾ ˈgɑɾbek eɾ/
Dråmguian word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t w ɾ ʃ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g
Fricative		f	s	ʃ			h
Approximant					j
Tap			ɾ
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a e i o u ɑ

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a	ɑ

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɑ	å
j	y
ʃ	sh
ɾ	r̈

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Singular	No affix kod /kod/ dog
Plural	Suffix -es kodes /ˈkodes/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	ub /ub/ the	mat /mat/ a
Plural	om /om/ the	hu /hu/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

1st singular	yig /jig/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	pag /pag/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ga /ga/ he, him, his, it (masc), its (masc)
3rd singular fem	dlur̈ /dluɾ/ she, her, hers, it (fem), its (fem)
1st plural	sma /sma/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	he /he/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	tu /tu/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	sta /sta/ my
2nd singular	sten /sten/ your
3rd singular masc	pyet /pjet/ his
3rd singular fem	tyu /tju/ her
1st plural	at /at/ our
2nd plural	tro /tro/ your (pl)
3rd plural	mluk /mluk/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -tka Else: Suffix -utka mutka /ˈmutka/ (I) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -em mum /mum/ (I) learned
2nd singular	Suffix -u muu /ˈmuu/ (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mhe Else: Suffix -emhe mumhe /ˈmumhe/ (you) learned
3rd singular	Suffix -a mua /ˈmua/ (he/she/it) learns	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɑm mum /mum/ (he/she/it) learned
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -f Else: Suffix -af muf /muf/ (we) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -om mum /mum/ (we) learned
2nd plural	Suffix -if muif /ˈmuif/ (you all) learn	Suffix -o muo /ˈmuo/ (you all) learned
3rd plural	Suffix -ɑl muål /ˈmuɑl/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -un mun /mun/ (they) learned

Dråmguian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: tu - tu mu /tu mu/ will learn

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Dråmguian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -un muun /ˈmuun/ have learned

Numbers

Dråmguian has a base-10 number system:
1 - ma
2 - shlir̈
3 - dum
4 - bot
5 - mdu
6 - ubdo
7 - tr̈ib
8 - sto
9 - ste
10 - tra
100 - we
1000 - tr̈å

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nta
Else: Suffix -ɑnta
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -ut
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -al
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
Else: Suffix -ag
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -um
Noun to verb = Suffix -a
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -u
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -ot
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -em
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -u
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -e
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ag
Diminutive = Suffix -i
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -gbu
Else: Suffix -agbu

Dictionary

3038 Words.