Corporations

Corporations in 2080 are the same as 60 years ago, but bigger and meaner. Global corps are autonomous organizations with their own laws, cities, factories, and armies; many are more influential than major national governments. Further rise of corporate powers was one of the drivers for the countries to unify into the regional supranational structures. Governments are in the regrettable position of having to let the corps do whatever the fuck they like. The difference between strong and weak government: a corporation can put in effort to hide their more unsavory activities, or they can support the local dictator with their military and go organize slave work camps.
Most corporations have a range of products they specialize in, but in addition to that they have fingers in multiple pies. Power, materials, vehicles, air- and spacecraft, weapons, industrial platforms, computing hubs, cybernetics, biotechnologies, media - only few examples of corporate operations.
Corporate hierarchy is tough on everyone who's not at the top. Your boss will never quit on their own, and your team are sharpening their daggers as you read this. Intrigue, nepotism, deal making, reneging on deals, back channeling, seduction, cheating, credit stealing, extortion, frameups, blackmail - everything goes, even merit! Executives, management, middle-senior overachievers, all clawing for more power. And they'd better: corporate life means privilege, so if you don't like it get out and become a drifter like those wretches on the street. Not a difficult choice for most. Besides, many employment contracts prevent "talent" from leaving whenever they catch a bigger opportunity. Key researchers are likely to be "lifers". A quitter could try winning a legal battle against a global corporate power (good luck), although kidnapping and assassination are also on the table. That's why Talent Acquisition department down on level 21 has a lot of ex-military and spec ops dudes, pardon, consultants.
Powerful organized crime groups recognized the opportunity and offered their services to some corporations when they were on the rise. Corporate enforcers, bodyguards, hitmen, muscle for covert ops used to be supplied by the gangs. The most prominent example is Japan, where corporations and yakuza are intimately entwined. Disagreements between crime lords and their corporate handlers is a whole separate chapter of corporate infighting.
Corporations issue their own currency and international passports for the employees. They also give local governments a hand in investigating and prosecuting corporate criminals, who are then extradited to the nation where the crime took place.
All the significant corporate players employ covert operatives who handle espionage, counter-espionage, sabotage, and counter-terrorism. There were cases when outspoken terrorist groups actually turned out to be well-equipped corporate strike-forces, whose attacks on rival corporate offices were not so ideology-driven after all. Open corporate warfare is not unheard of, but neve lasts longer then necessary. Efficiency.
The World Stock Exchange (WSE) emerged from the combination of the biggest stock exchanges back in the 30s. Ability to trade corporate shares and other assets is available to almost everyone, and the global communication networks made it possible from anywhere and anytime. With Splinternet things became more tricky, but WSE manages. The markets are effective and interdependent, but so are global risks and shocks.
In the cities, the corporate districts are enclaves of safety, stability, and spectacular views. One reason is PR efforts, another - agreements with municipal powers: investment in infrastructure and making model community areas in exchange for tax preferences, low leases, and privileged police protection. Some corporate police forces support and reinforce city police departments; some take over the law enforcement function outright. 
Working at a corporation means a life of privilege, or at the very minimum - comfort. Corporations nurture the workforce not only directly with higher disposable income, but also by creating safe and free environments for work and for life. Almost all the corporate towers have residential levels and high-end hotels, but it's not feasible to host all the workforce. There are several ways to satisfy this need.
One is buying out land in the suburbs and subsidizing employees to settle there. This creates very well-off suburban communities made up of people of all races, nationalities, and religions, who share common origin - the Company. Security is a major concern for corporate suburbia. Company guard patrols and posts might not be enough to protect the corpos from the less fortunate drifters. A step up is closed residential compounds, walled and guarded. Train lines leading from high-end suburbs to corporate districts are also protected by corporate guards, clean, quiet, and ominously crime free. Making the good life zones in the city center and in the suburbs creates the bad life zones in between. The poor, the underprivileged, the unwanted struggle and survive in the shade of the unreachable office towers, and gaze upon the flourishing gated communities with menacing contemplation.
Extreme solution - completely closed and self-sustaining arcologies. Many such projects were attempted, but few became truly neutral on the environment. Nevertheless, these megastructures create secure, secluded, and controlled zone for corporate housing. As ebbs and flows of business cycles and migration changed the skylines and the guts of the cities, some megastructures were repurposed for affordable housing social programs, deteriorated into poverty, became crime infested vertical pits, or were abandoned to turn into colossal decomposing corpses rending the urban fabric.