Natively known as: Ħaɖ We /ħaɖ We/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
vʊɨ θjəug dɨ pɛraː dɨd ɨːvr vʊɨ dɨ dɛvnab ər klɨːn r̥ɨ χəu
Pronunciation: /ˈvʊɨ ˈθjəug dɨ ˈpɛraː dɨd ɨːvr ˈvʊɨ dɨ ˈdɛvnab ər klɨːn r̥ɨ ˈχəu/
Hadwe word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d g h j k l m n n̥ p r r̥ s t v w ð ħ ŋ ɖ ɬ ʃ θ χ/
| ↓Manner/
Place→ |
Bila-
bial |
Labio-
dental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Palato-
alveolar |
Retro-
flex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Phar-
yngeal |
Glottal |
| Nasal |
m |
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n n̥ |
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ŋ |
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| Stop |
p b |
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t d |
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ɖ |
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k g |
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| Fricative |
|
v |
θ ð |
s |
ʃ |
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χ |
ħ |
h |
| Approximant |
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j |
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| Trill |
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r̥ r |
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| Lateral
fricative |
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ɬ |
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| Lateral
approximant |
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l |
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Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Labio-velar |
| Approximant |
w |
Vowel inventory: /a ai au aɨ aː ei eɨ eː i iː oː u uː ɔ ɔi ɔɨ ə əu ɛ ɛu ɨ ɨu ɨː ɪ ɪu ʊ ʊɨ/
Diphthongs: ai, au, aɨ, ei, eɨ, ɔi, ɔɨ, əu, ɛu, ɨu, ɪu, ʊɨ ?
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
| High |
iː i |
ɨ ɨː |
u uː |
| Near-high |
ɪ |
|
ʊ |
| High-mid |
eː |
|
oː |
| Mid |
|
ə |
|
| Low-mid |
ɛ |
|
ɔ |
| Low |
a aː |
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Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ?
Word initial consonants: b, bl, d, dr, dw, g, gw, gwl, gwn, gwr, h, j, k, kl, l, m, n, nt, n̥, p, pl, pr, r, rn, r̥, s, sd, sn, t, tr, v, w, ð, ħ, ɬ, ʃ, θ, θj, χ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dl, dr, g, gl, gw, h, l, m, ml, mr, ms, n, nr̥, nt, nw, r, rb, rd, rv, rw, rɬ, sg, tbl, v, vj, vl, vn, ð, ðj, ŋ, ɖ, ɬ, θ, χ, χr
Word final consonants: b, d, g, k, l, ld, m, n, nd, nt, r, rs, rθ, s, sg, t, v, vn, vr, w, ð, ŋ, ɬ, θ, χ
Phonological changes (in order of application): ?
- j → ʤ / #_
- b → v / V_V
- θ → ʃ / C_
- i → Ø / a_
Spelling rules:
Grammar
Main word order: Subject-Object-Oblique-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?
Nouns
Nouns have two cases:
- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
Nouns form plural with separate plural word:
| Plural |
ai /ai/
plural particle |
| Nominative |
No affix
pɛnɛ /ˈpɛnɛ/
dog (doing the verb) |
| Accusative |
Suffix -a
pɛnɛa /ˈpɛnɛa/
(verb done to) dog |
| Definite |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -hoː
Else: Suffix -eɨhoː
pɛnɛhoː /ˈpɛnɛhoː/ |
| Indefinite |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -glai
Else: Suffix -aglai
pɛnɛglai /ˈpɛnɛglai/ |
Articles
Hadwe encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.
Pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
| 1st singular |
χɔi /χɔi/
I |
ɪu /ɪu/
me |
| 2nd singular |
wɪ /wɪ/
you |
drʊd /drʊd/
you |
| 3rd singular masc |
θjəug /θjəug/
he |
trɨn /trɨn/
him |
| 3rd singular fem |
θjəuk /θjəuk/
she |
dɨːθ /dɨːθ/
her |
| 1st plural |
blɨ /blɨ/
we |
θa /θa/
us |
| 2nd plural |
dai /dai/
you (all) |
klɨːð /klɨːð/
you (all) |
| 3rd plural |
a /a/
they |
aivr /aivr/
them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
rnei /rnei/
my |
| 2nd singular |
nteː /nteː/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
dɨ /dɨ/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
dairθ /dairθ/
her |
| 1st plural |
jei /jei/
our |
| 2nd plural |
dreː /dreː/
your |
| 3rd plural |
hɔ /hɔ/
their |
Verbs
| Present |
No affix
oːχɛurʊ /ˈoːχɛˌurʊ/
study |
| Past |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -nd
Else: Suffix -ɔnd
oːχɛurʊnd /ˈoːχɛˌurʊnd/
studied |
| Remote past |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɬ
Else: Suffix -eiɬ
oːχɛurʊɬ /ˈoːχɛˌurʊɬ/
studied (long ago) |
| Future |
Suffix -iːs
oːχɛurʊiːs /ˈoːχɛˌurʊiːs/
will study |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Hadwe uses the word for ‘already’ beːg for the perfect aspect.
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rɨ
Else: Suffix -ɔirɨ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɪ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -oː
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -iːs
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bɪu
Else: Suffix -eːbɪu
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -vli
Else: Suffix -ɔɨvli
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɨːrθ
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -əum
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rʊ
Else: Suffix -ɛurʊ
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -iːr
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɬ
Else: Suffix -ʊɬ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -ən
Diminutive = Suffix -ɛrs
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -ɔr
Hadwe has a base-10 number system
| 1 |
kɨn |
| 2 |
sdeɨrθ |
| 3 |
trɪu |
| 4 |
seɨv |
| 5 |
aː |
| 6 |
θag |
| 7 |
ɨːb |
| 8 |
teːv |
| 9 |
hɔ |
| 10 |
sɨvɨː |
| 11 |
kɨn vʊɨ sɨvɨː “one and ten” |
| 100 |
snuː “hundred” |
| 101 |
snuː kɨn “hundred one” |
| 200 |
sdeɨrθ snuː |
| 1000 |
ðɔg “thousand” |
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