Under the guidance of the god-king Nethys, Azghaad I unifies warring tribes along the River Sphinx. Azghaad defeats the Spawn of Rovagug, Ulunat, and founds the city of Sothis around the slain beetle’s carapace, initiating Osirion’s first pharaonic dynasty.
Azghaad has a magnificent temple built to the All-Seeing Eye, and proclaims Nethys Osirion’s patron god, ushering in the First Age of Osirion.
Azghaad’s successor, the Naga Pharaoh, begins her rule. She is haunted by violent visions and terrible nightmares sent by Nethys, who wishes to use her as an example of magic’s destructive power. She obliges him later in her reign as, driven into a destructive rage by her ordeal, she tears down the great temple to the All-Seeing Eye and dies in the ensuing blaze.
The Tekritanin League is founded by nomads in the deserts west of Osirion.
The Pharaoh of Forgotten Plagues summons the daemonic harbinger Zelishkar, and binds him and his minions to serve in several military campaigns. Zelishkar is later imprisoned by the pharaoh in what later becomes known as the Labyrinth of Shiman-Sekh.
The necromantic advisers of the Pharaoh of Forgotten Plagues—the Usij—capture an efreeti commander from Jistka and turn him into a ghul that carries the Night Plague into Jistka, leading to the imperium’s ultimate downfall.
The Song Pharaoh overthrows the Pharaoh of Forgotten Plagues and founds the city of Shiman-Sekh. Osirion reaches the height of its First Age.
The Song Pharaoh is killed by Jetrieti I, who usurps the throne and ushers in a long line of cruel and decadent rulers whose gluttonous appetites lead to Osirion’s decline. Osirion’s rulers become increasingly obsessed with the afterlife.
Jetrieti I dies and is buried in the Pyramid of Masks in the Tremor Valley. His tomb is the first in what later becomes known as the Gozarin Necropolis.
Pharaoh Jetrieti V begins his rule. During his reign, he plunders the tombs of his predecessors to cover himself in precious jewels, burning their mummified corpses in Sothis. In response to these atrocities, the spirits of these kings animate their bodies as mummies.
The Jistka Imperium collapses following a long series of succession wars, removing Osirion’s main rival for control of northern Garund.
Osirion and the Tekritanin League ally to overthrow the weakened Jistka Imperium.
The city of Totra is founded by the Conquering Pharaoh An-Hepsu II.
An-Hepsu VII, the Pharaoh of Blades, completes construction of the city of Ipeq with the help of his genie servants.
The bridge known as the Khopesh Span is constructed across the Crook River east of the Shallows of Ipeq.
An-Hepsu VII is murdered under mysterious circumstances—possibly by his own son—and his corpse is laid to rest in the Tomb of the Pharaoh of Blades.
An-Hepsu XI, known as the Pharaoh of No Rain or the Incorruptible Pharaoh, becomes pharaoh; he rules for nearly 400 years.
In a deal brokered by the archdaemon Szuriel, An-Hepsu XI releases the daemonic harbinger Zelishkar from the Labyrinth of Shiman-Sekh. After the daemon lays waste to a number of Osirian settlements, he is re-imprisoned in the Labyrinth.
Pharaoh An-Hepsu XI imprisoned; Kemusar I serves as regent in his stead.
Kemusar I is murdered in his sleep and his body is thrown to hungry crocodiles; 11 days later, his unfinished tomb disappears.
Sekhemib I reaches adulthood and becomes the new pharaoh.
Construction begins on the Slave Trenches of Hakotep in southern Osirion.
Wati is founded by Djederet II.
Tephu is founded by Djederet II.
The Four Pharaohs of Ascension become joint rulers of Osirion, ushering in Osirion’s Second Age, also known as the Age of the Black Sphinx.
The Four Pharaohs found Tumen in the desert east of Sothis as the new capital of Osirion.
Armies of the Four Pharaohs defeat the Tekritanin League. Osirion absorbs some of the League’s city-states, while others are razed. The holdings of the league become the Osirian province of Thuvia.
Bound by magic, the Four Pharaohs of Ascension die together, and Osirion declines once again. The capital is moved back to Sothis soon thereafter.
Tumen is abandoned.
The exiled necromancer Geb exerts his influence in Osirion’s southernmost province. The empire eventually cedes it to Geb’s control.
High Theurgist Fentet-Pesu, the Osirian governor of Thuvia, is assassinated by one of his favored consorts in the regional capital of El-Amara. Osirion effectively cedes control of all land west of the Junira River when Pharaoh Yafeha I fails to send a new governor. The fortress of Mekshir is swallowed by a sandstorm.
Pharaoh Osezis II negotiates a pact with the water elementals of the Hytae clan that regulates the sometimes destructive annual flooding of the Sphinx River. This agreement leads to longer planting seasons, ending a nationwide famine and ushering in a steady increase in Osirion’s population over the following decades.
Pharaoh Ahabaris I, the Pharaoh of Long Shadows, is torn apart by a mob of her subjects after a short rule marked by inhuman decadence and cruelty.
An, the City of Triangles, is founded by Pharaoh Hirkoshek I to house the workers constructing his pyramid.
Kamaria the Brazen becomes the only pharaoh to openly worship Rovagug. She reigns for three human lifetimes.
Kamaria is succeeded by her son Gebessek IX, known as the Healer.
Menedes XVII abolishes slavery in Osirion. His great-grandson, Menedes XX, later reinstates it.
The Monastery of Tar Kuata is founded by the Iroran priest Narmek Tar Kuata in the Footprints of Rovagug.
Agents from the Padishah Empire of Kelesh create instability within Osirion, leading to a series of slave revolts that further destabilize the corrupt bureaucracy of Pharaoh Menedes XXVI, later dubbed the Fallen Pharaoh. Menedes is forced into hiding and is replaced by the Qadiran satrap, Xerbystes I. The Padishah Emperor assigns Xerbystes I a vizier named Guyun to advise him, but gives the satrap total control over both Qadira and Osirion. Keleshite immigrants pour into Osirion, destroying monuments that refer to pharaonic rule, including Azghaad’s Spire in Sothis.
Vizier Guyun lets the 2,000-year-old pact with the water elementals of the Hytae Clan lapse. The following flood season is the most destructive in centuries and leads to widespread famine.
To the chagrin of the settlement’s native Osirians, Keleshite immigrants swell the population of El-Shelad, turning it into a small city and kicking off political tensions that last to this day.
After a series of violent earthquakes and at least one major tsunami, the port of Shotep-Kara on the Burning Coast falls into the Obari Ocean.
The Cult of the Dawnflower’s growing influence is viewed as a threat by the Qadiran satrap, who banishes the sect’s followers to the western deserts of Thuvia.
Followers of Sarenrae assassinate the corrupt Qadiran satrap, replacing him with a Keleshite sultan independent of the Padishah Empire.
The cult of Lamashtu unleashes the Plague of Madness in Wati; an estimated 60 percent of the city’s population dies from the disease.
Clerics of Pharasma found a major temple in Wati to honor those who died of the Plague of Madness and establish the city’s necropolis.
Katapesh breaks free from Osirian rule and becomes an independent nation.
The desert druid Qali Manar undertakes a pilgrimage to the edge of the Scorpion Coast, where he begins the circle of druids that continues to cultivate the Gardens of Shepeska.
Osirians overthrow the Keleshite sultan in a near-bloodless coup, and establish Pharaoh Khemet I, a priest of Abadar, as the first Osirian ruler of the country in 3,000 years. Khemet I becomes known as the Forthbringer and establishes a new dynasty in his name.
Pharaoh Khemet II, the Crocodile King, succeeds his father as pharaoh.
News of abolitionist Andoran spreads to Osirion, where it leads to great unrest among the country’s slave population.
Twins Jasilia and Ojan are born to one of Khemet II’s many concubines, placing them next in line after their much older brother Khemet III.
Pharaoh Khemet II dies in a little-understood summoning accident and is succeeded by his son, Khemet III, the Ruby Prince.
The long-lost Labyrinth of Shiman-Sekh is discovered beneath a black glass obelisk under the Golden Oasis on the outskirts of Shiman-Sekh.
Needing a new source of revenue, and wishing to reclaim Osirion’s former glory by the uncovering of the secrets of its past, long hidden by the sands and the nation’s Keleshite occupiers, Pharaoh Khemet III opens up Osirion’s desert ruins to foreign explorers.
Pale Mountain partially erupts, leaving a massive crater on the side of the mountain and exposing the remains of Xotani the Firebleeder, one of the Spawn of Rovagug.
The Ruby Prince is struck by a terrible wasting curse while handling a Thassilonian artifact. He blames the Pathfinder Society, as it was one of their agents who brought the cursed item to his attention in the first place. Amenopheus, the Sapphire Sage, is stripped of all political influence and forced into exile.
Pharaoh Hakotep I returns from the dead to reclaim his throne and is narrowly defeated. His flying pyramids crash down across Osirion.