Modern Dwarven

Natively known as: Swynd /sʊɨnd/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
nofn ten bly clyr reir noyno nofn clyr noch ddy thioi dydre gwno
Pronunciation: /n̥oːvn teːn blə klɨːr reir ˈnɔɨnɔ n̥oːvn klɨːr n̥oːχ ðə θjɔi ˈdɨːdrɛ gwnɔ/
Swyndian word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d g h j k l m n n̥ p r r̥ s t v w ð ŋ ɬ ʃ θ χ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n n̥			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Fricative		v	θ ð	s	ʃ			χ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r̥ r
Lateral fricative				ɬ
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labio-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a ai au aɨ aː ei eɨ eː i iː oː u uː ɔ ɔi ɔɨ ə əu ɛ ɛu ɨ ɨu ɨː ɪ ɪu ʊ ʊɨ/
Diphthongs: ai, au, aɨ, ei, eɨ, ɔi, ɔɨ, əu, ɛu, ɨu, ɪu, ʊɨ

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː i	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, d, dr, dw, g, gw, gwl, gwn, gwr, h, j, k, kl, l, m, n, nt, n̥, p, pl, pr, r, rn, r̥, s, sd, sn, t, tr, v, w, ð, ɬ, ʃ, θ, θj, χ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dl, dr, g, gl, gw, h, l, m, ml, mr, ms, n, nr̥, nt, nw, r, rb, rd, rv, rw, rɬ, sg, tbl, v, vj, vl, vn, ð, ðj, ŋ, ɬ, θ, χ, χr
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• h → Ø / V_V
• a → e / _i
• j → ʤ / #_
• w → Ø / V_V
• w → m / _u
• i → Ø / a_
• k → ʧ / _E
• u → Ø / a_
• i → u / _(C)u
• χ → qʰ / #_
• a → ə / _Ca

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aː	a
eɨ	ey
eː	e
f	ph
iː	i
j	i
k	c
n̥	n
oː	o
r̥	rh
uː	w
v	f
ð	dd
ŋ	ng
ɔ	o
ɔi	oi
ə	y
əu	yw
ɛ	e
ɛu	ew
ɨ	y
ɨu	uw
ɨː	y
ɪ	i
ɪu	iw
ɬ	ll
ʃ	si
ʊɨ	wy
θ	th
χ	ch

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Object-Verb-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

	Singular	Plural
Ergative	Suffix -u egeiu /ˈɛgeiu/ dog (doing the verb to something)	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɔɨrd- Else: Prefix ɔɨrdɔ- oyrdegei /ˈɔɨrdɛgei/ dogs (doing the verb to something)
Absolutive	Prefix χɔi- choiegei /χɔiˈɛgei/ dog (doing the verb not to something)	Prefix ɔ- oegei /ˈɔɛgei/ dogs (doing the verb not to something)
Genitive	Suffix -ɨ egeiy /ˈɛgeiɨ/ dogʼs	Prefix blə- blyegei /bləˈɛgei/ dogsʼ
Dative	Suffix -iːr egeiir /ɛˈgeiiːr/ to (the/a) dog	If ends with vowel: Suffix -χɔ Else: Suffix -ɨuχɔ egeicho /ˈɛgeiχɔ/ to (the/some) dogs

Articles

Definite	play /plaɨ/ the
Indefinite	ha /ha/ a, some

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	coch /koːχ/ I	ddoc /ðɔk/ me, I	rhi /r̥iː/ mine	tha /θa/ to me
2nd singular	iay /jaɨ/ you	tri /tri/ you	peng /pɛŋ/ yours	lla /ɬa/ to you
3rd singular masc	ten /teːn/ he	myr /mɨːr/ him, he	thiuwt /θjɨut/ his	fu /vu/ to him
3rd singular fem	nong /n̥oːŋ/ she	cei /kei/ her, she	drʊs /drʊs/ hers	rhaint /r̥aint/ to her
1st plural inclusive	da /da/ we (including you)	iʊdd /jʊð/ us, we (including you)	sdu /sdu/ ours (including you)	bʊs /bʊs/ to us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	plei /plei/ we (excluding you)	nofn /n̥oːvn/ us, we (excluding you)	foic /vɔik/ ours (excluding you)	gwoyn /gwɔɨn/ to us (excluding you)
2nd plural	nech /n̥eːχ/ you (all)	ha /ha/ you (all)	te /teː/ yours	y /ə/ to you (all)
3rd plural	di /dɪ/ they	bʊd /bʊd/ them, they	pel /pɛl/ theirs	gwryn /gwrɨn/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	bos /boːs/ my
2nd singular	dy /də/ your
3rd singular masc	clyr /klɨːr/ his
3rd singular fem	bly /blə/ her
1st plural inclusive	my /mə/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	dyn /dɨːn/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	iay /jaɨ/ your
3rd plural	da /da/ their

Verbs

Present	Prefix pɛ- pesdyddy /ˈpɛsdɨðɨ/ study
Past	No affix sdyddy /sdɨˈðɨ/ studied
Remote past	Suffix -ɨː sdyddyy /sdɨˈðɨɨː/ studied (long ago)
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɬ Else: Suffix -aɨɬ sdyddyll /ˈsdɨðɨɬ/ will study

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).
Swyndian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix gaː- gasdyddy /ˈgaːsdɨðɨ/ is studying

Numbers

Swyndian has a base-10 number system:

• 1 - gwry
• 2 - snwy
• 3 - ha
• 4 - seyn
• 5 - clyth
• 6 - corth
• 7 - sifnywfa
• 8 - deddia
• 9 - dan
• 10 - snwrs
• 11 - snwrsgwry “ten-one”
• 100 - iay “hundred”
• 101 - iay gwry “hundred one”
• 200 - snwy iay
• 1000 - sdu “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix sdeɨ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix a-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix pr-
Else: Prefix prei-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix in-
Else: Prefix inɛ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix iː-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix iːɬ-
Else: Prefix iːɬai-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix a-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix koː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix beː-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-
Else: Prefix rʊ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix tr-
Else: Prefix trau-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r̥-
Else: Prefix r̥iː-
Diminutive = Prefix eɨ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʊvl-
Else: Prefix ʊvlɨ-

Dictionary

4357 Words.

Root Languages

• Gwlasian (Old Dwarven)

Common Female Names

• Gwnonrhwglu /ˈgwnɔnr̥uːglu/
• Rnein /rnein/
• Mon /mɔn/
• Noith /nɔiθ/
• Plʊchreib /ˈplʊχreib/
• Penge /pɛˈŋeː/
• Thioisg /θjɔisg/
• Treyb /treɨb/
• Clymlyth /klɨːˈmlɨːθ/
• Sydaym /ˈsɨdaɨm/

Common Male Names

• Gʊddiiw /ˈgʊðjɪu/
• Nʊflain /ˈn̥ʊvlain/
• Rhyllai /ˈr̥ɨːɬai/
• Ledry /lɛˈdrɨː/
• Thiuwnwi /θjɨuˈnwi/
• Blygle /ˈblɨːglɛ/
• Gwrorth /gwrɔrθ/
• Droth /droːθ/
• Choirth /χɔirθ/
• Choyrth /χɔɨrθ/

Common Unisex Names

• Lomlewgey /ˈlɔmlɛugeɨ/
• Snoind /snɔind/
• Gwuwdri /ˈgwɨudriː/
• Wyai /ˈwɨːai/
• Iʊdrai /jʊˈdrai/
• Mydeng /mɨːˈdɛŋ/
• Horewnteym /ˈhɔrɛunteɨm/
• Erfa /ˈɛrva/
• Nʊrayfr /ˈn̥ʊraɨvr/
• Blyflac /ˈblɨːvlak/